308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Dcc. 13, 



in which and in its great intercalated and overlying masses of flysch 

 or upper "macigno" the secondary types have vanished, and an 

 eocene tertiary fauna appears. 



6. That by the presence of numerous fossils, and notably by its 

 nummulites and echinoderms, this eocene group is known to extend 

 from the Mediterranean through Egypt, Asia Minor and Persia to 

 Hindostan, and there to occupy large regions forming the western 

 and northern limits of British India. 



7. That the names of Carpathian sandstone and Vienna sandstone, 

 as well as of flysch and macigno, have been applied to rocks which 

 are both of secondary and tertiary age ; but that in the Carpathians, 

 as in the Alps, those portions of them containing nummulites with 

 certain overlying strata represent the eocene tertiary. 



8. That the cretaceous and nummulitic eocene formations of the 

 Alps having been successively deposited under the sea, have since 

 undergone the same common flexures and fractures, by which the 

 younger strata have been frequently folded under those of older date. 



9. That the only general feature of independence in the forma- 

 tions of the Northern Alps, is that which is exhibited in the grand 

 rupture and hiatus between the pre-existing nummulitic eocene with 

 flysch and the subsequently -formed molasse and nagelflue. 



10. That as the marine contents of the Swiss molasse, whether 

 called younger miocene or older pliocene, exhibit a large proportion 

 of living species of marine shells, whilst the associated and overlying 

 strata of terrestrial origin, often called molasse, are loaded with forms 

 all of which are extinct, the same terms cannot be applied as equiva- 

 lents to define the tertiary strata which were formed contempora- 

 neously luider the sea and upon the land (see p. 237). 



1 1 . That although on the southern flank of the Venetian Alps the 

 nummulitic eocene group is followed by younger tertiary deposits, 

 which, also elevated at high angles, have a direction parallel to the 

 older chain, it is believed that such external lower parallel (Bassano, 

 Asolo) was produced after that chief elevation which raised the se- 

 condary and eocene rocks together, and has in many places left the 

 latter upon the summits of the Alps. 



12. That notwithstanding local dislocations. Northern Italy further 

 exhibits conformable passages from what may be the uppermost eocene 

 or lowest miocene high up into subapennine strata, in which most of 

 the shells are undistinguishable from those now living. 



13. That since the emersion of all the pliocene and youngest 

 marine deposits and their addition to the pre-existing lands, the os- 

 cillations which the coasts of Italy have undergone, particularly during 

 the historic sera, are symptoms of the remains only of that subterra- 

 nean energy which was exerted with much greater intensity during 

 former periods in the Alps, Carpathians and Apennines. 



