The Verb. 



27 



torward towards the end of the word, thus, " ^iiucndrdra, to 

 forbid, onandrard, forbid." So raandeha, to go, otucnd.eha.oia, 

 begone ! And the suffixed an of the Javanese seems also 

 undoubtedly the same as the rtn of the Energie Imperative 

 of the Arb., as uqtul, ordinary imperative, kill, uqtulan, kill ! 



§ 8. The Participle. 

 "We have seen in the foregoing that the Oc. verb, 

 present tense, corresponds to the Anc. Semitic participle. 

 The on participial inflexion is one of the striking features 

 of the Semitic languages, as it is also in an unmistakable 

 manner of the Oceanic languages : see § 6. More will be 

 found below on the passive participle Avitli on, and the 

 formation of verbal nouns. 



§ 9. Paeticles connecting the Verb with its object. 



a. These particles direct the action of the verb to the 

 object, giving it either a transitive or a causative force. 

 Many of them have been glued on as suffixes to the verb, 

 especially in Mg. and My., though in Fa. and Sam. also, and 

 now appear in the dictionaries as radicals ; thus the verb 

 " to drink " appears in the My. dictionary as ininuon, as if 

 the final on were a radical letter, whereas a comparison of 

 dialects, Fa. mioiVj, Sam. ioiu, shows that it is not, being the 

 suffixed transitive particle. Not all verbs take these particles 

 in Oceanic ; some govern the object directty, without any 

 intervening particle : — 



Fa. (Pa.) Sam. 



hi, haki i, ia 



fi, gi, oni, ti, o'i ia, te 



si, sahi, onahi Rarat hi 



tahi, oxtki, oiahi i, ia 



Fi. a, ca, ga, ka 



ona, na, oxo, ta 



va, wa, yaj, caka 



kaka, laka, onaka 



oxtka, taka, vaka 



waka, yaka 



Ero. ra-, ira, ]pu, or hu 



An. ira, vai, aoi 



Tan. ya, te 



Epi. ha, ban, ka, kaoi 



Florida li, lagi 



vi, vagi 



Mg. 



My. 



(a) 



kan, i 



ami 



Ja. ake, o.kaM 





i, oii, kakan 





Bugis o'i 



