28 The Oceanic Languages Semitic : 



h. The force of these, and the extent to which they are 

 used in different dialects vary. In Mg. a, in Sam. te (ia te) 

 are used before pronouns. We may now compare : — 



1. A, ia, i, hi, ya. Ajch. iya, ka, ki, kan {" to "), Amh. ha, 



Eth. Mya, Sab. ka. 



2. An, ni. Tig. en-, or ne, accusative sign. Heb., Ch,, an, 



en, " nun epenthetic," or " nun demonstrative." 



3. Ca, te, ti, ta; si. Heb. oth, et. 



4. Mg. a'^ni. Fa. mi, Fi. ma, Heb. 'im, Arb. ma, Syr. 'ame 



{" with," &c.) 



5. Ri, ra, li, ira ("to, at"), Heb. le, Arb. li. 



6. Ba, va, hu, vi,fi ("to, in") Syr. ha, Heb., Arb., Eth. ha. 



Eth. kiya, Arb. iya, Heb. oth or et, are pronominals or 

 demonstratives used as signs of the accusative before 

 pronouns. But Eth. kiyco in Sabaean as ka (Halevy 93, 

 rightly) is used as the mark of the verb object before 

 pronouns and nouns ; Heb. et is so also ; and Arb. iya, 

 identical with Eth. kiya, as ki, i, and ia, or ya, is used 

 in Oc. as the mark of the verb object before nouns and 

 pronouns. On the origin of kiya, see Dillmann Eth. Gr. 

 §§ 65, 150. Thus Sam. i, ia, is for ki, kia, and so of course 

 Malay i is for ki, as Arb. iya (another form nearer the 

 original is hiya, Wr. Arb. Gr. I. § 188) is for kiya. For the 

 pronominal origin of Heb. oth, et (Aram, at, iat or yat), see 

 Ges. Heb. Diet. s. v. Eth. kiya is a compound of the 

 demonstrative k\ and the demonstrative used as the 3rd 

 person singular i, or ia, he, ipse, self, Ges. s. v. This is why 

 these compounds, Eth. kiyct, Arb. iya or hiya, Heb. oth or et, 

 Aram, yath (i.e. ia th, c£ Sam. ia te), also have the meaning 

 sometimes of self As to the double use as a demonstrative 

 and a preposition, see III. §§ 1, 2, and lY. § 2 ; and as to 

 the derivation of prepositions generally from pronominals, see 

 Bopp, work cited, p. 113. It is certain, however, that not all 

 the Oc.-Se. prepositions are derived from pronominals. 



c. As to the prepositions 1, 4, 5, 6, their general meanings 

 are given above, but when used as particles connecting the 

 verb with its object, it is impossible to give briefly their 

 very various meanings and uses. The dictionaries and 

 grammars must be consulted. For instance, 5 is much used, 

 especially in Aramaic, as a mere mark of the verb object, 

 as it is in Bugis ri, Eromanga ira, ra (Gordon's M. S. 



