The Verb. 29 



Grammar), Aneityum ira, ircci (in Gabelentz) ; exactl}^ so, 1 , 

 ka (hi, i, &c.), is often used as a mere mark of tlie verl> 

 object in Sabaean, and in My., Fa., and Sam. (i for ki, c£ 

 Raratongan). So also 6, ha. &c., is used in Heb. sometimes 

 as a mere transitive particle (Ges.) between the verlj and its 

 object, as in Fi. vei and An. vai (in Gabelentz). In each of 

 these three particles, the notion of onotion to is radical. In 

 Hazlewood's Fi. Gr., 2nd Ed., p. 33, it is said, "it appears 

 also to be a rule that verbs of motion will take va for their 

 termination, as lakova'' (lako, to go), and on p. 35, va is 

 identified with the preposition vei, ''to," '* in," literally " in 

 it," An. vcd, it being pointed out that " va in the Rewa 

 dialect is still the same as vei or ki, to : " compare III., § 2. 

 Fi. combines these two pre]30sitions, thus kivei (ki first) = 

 Fa. haki, Maori ouhaka, Malay hagi, " to," " towards," (ha 

 first). The preposition, 4, " with," &c., is very common in 

 Mg, Papuan, and Ma.-Ha. But when used as a particle 

 between the verb and its object, its meanings are very 

 various, as may be seen by consulting on the one hand, the 

 Mg. Diet, of Freeman and Johns, and Cr. Gr., pp. 198, 22 J -2 ; 

 and on the other, Ges. Heb. Diet., under the word. 



d. It has already been remarked that the verb followed 

 by these particles, has either a transitive or causative force. 

 Thus Fi. '' sohuca na vanua (go down), sohutaka no. vanua 

 (take down)," that is, the latter with compound particle, 

 taka, is causative, the former has ia merely pointing to the 

 verb object. Compare Fi, rogo ca, to hear {ca makes it 

 transitive), rogo taka, or rogorogo taka, to tell, to cause to be 

 heard. In Fa. this verb is transitive, by merely putting the 

 object after it without any particle, like ca, but the particle 

 ki, instead of taka, makes it causative, as rog nafisan, hear 

 the word, rogorog ki nafisan, proclaim, or make to be heard 

 the word. In My. the transitive is dangar, in which the 

 particle r, 5, is glued on to the verb danga = Fa. i^ogo, 

 (pronounced rongo), and Fro. digi (pronounced dingi). 

 My. i (for ki) and kan (ki sb'engthened by demonstrative n 

 or an), are exactly like the othei-s, thus My. tangisi, to 

 bewail, and tangiskan, id., are the same as Fi. tagica and 

 tagicaka. Fa. tagisi, all being merely transitive ; but in My. 

 takuti, takutkan, to frighten, the particles (i and kan) give 

 the verb a causative force. To both of these w^ords, tangis 

 and takut, before the particles i and kan are attached, it is 

 to be noted that the particles s and t had been in ancient 



