30 The Oceanic Languages Se'niitic : 



times attached, so that now they are treated as if a part of 

 the root. This, however, they are not, for these verbs in, for 

 instance. Fa. are intransitive, tagi, to wail, tagisi, transitive, 

 to bewail, Sam. tagi, to wail, passive, tagisia (when the 

 same particle s appears) ; Fa. Tnitaku, to fear : c£ Sam. 

 mata 'ti, Fa. transitive, mitau hi, Bugis, matau ri, Sam. 

 passive, nnata 'utia, in which the same t transitive particle, 

 as in takut, appears : cf also Mg. onatahotra (which seems 

 to be for mataku-ra, rather than niaiahu-ta : compare 

 a7}vpita7iOTina, in which the t7' is 'r), in which the tr may be 

 for Q', the same transitive particle (ri), as appears in the 

 Bugis. These examples show how the verb object particles 

 or ancient prepositions used as such, have become disguised 

 in the lapse of ages, and made to appear radical parts of the 

 verbs ; and they show also, that at least, to a large extent, 

 the particles are used for one another in different dialects, in 

 Oceanic, just as in Semitic. Such particles sometimes gave 

 to the verb, in Semitic also, a causative as well as a transitive 

 force ; thus Ges. says, " Since he in this signification is a 

 particle of transition, it is not to be wondered at that it 

 should give a transitive power to some verbs, and even a 

 causative, such as is elsewhere expressed by the conjugation 

 Hiphel." The common Oceanic particle giving this causative 

 force to some verbs is i (for ki), or ki, ka, either compounded 

 with other particles for emphasis, as ake, kan, or alone, and 

 synonymous with ha, as a ''particle of transition," having 

 the meaning of " to." 



e. With respect to the Sam. passives tagisia, onata'utia, 

 the s and t are the verb object particles, and the other 

 particles, as well as these are found in the Ma. -Ha. passives 

 1, and reciprocal form 2, and in the Mg., My., Fa. and Sam. 

 verbal noun terminations 3, thus : — 



2. Sam. 'i, a% fa% sa'i, ta'i, ma'i na'i, UCi. 



I. Ma. kia, ngia, Sam. fia, gia, lia, niia, sia, tia. 



3. Ma. ranga, manga, anga, Sam. saga, taga, 'aga, laga, 

 faga, maga, aga. 



In these ga (i.e. nga) is for na, the original n having 

 been changed to ng. The verbal noun terminations, 3, in 

 Fa. are an or ena, siena, tiena, Men, rien, fien, Ttiien, nien 

 (the final a not always pronounced, e is for o) ; so My. 

 san, tan, gan, ran, pan, man, nan ; so Mg. ana, sa/aa, zana, 

 tana, liana (for kana), rana, fana, vana, maiia. 



