The Verb. 



33 



Heb. This h is generally believed by Semitic Mutliorities to 

 be weakened from an original .s (sometimes .s7<- and t, in 

 Shaphel and Thaphel) : see Dillmann, § 79, Wriglit I., § 45, 

 Halevy, p. 37, points out that this h is regularly s in one 

 Sab. dialect. Shaphel, as well as Aphel, is used in Aram. 

 In Assy., Shaphel is the more prevalent, as well as original 

 form : Layer, Assy. Gr., p, 63. The causativ^e participle has 

 of course the m prefixed, and its vowel was originally (( as 

 preserved yet in Heb. and Syr. The Syr. causative parti- 

 ciple is of the form Ma/phel, Heb. Maktil. This participle 

 came to be used sometimes in Syr. as a distinct causative 

 form, and was called the Maphel (conjugation) form, and 

 it is the only causative form now used in Mod. Syr. : 

 Stoddart, p. 110. 



Thus the a of 6. 1, is the a of the Aphel form ; and the 

 7)ia {ha, fa, &c.) of h. 2, is the ma of the Maphel form ; in 

 6. 3, we have the Aphel or causative of the verb substantive, 

 ha, ha ; and in h. 4, the causative of the same Maphel form. 



Note. — As to the nasal n, ng, of h., note 3, while it is so 

 far euphonic, it may sometmies or in some measure, represent 

 the consonant of the original Semitic causative particile : 



Mg. 



My. 



Fa. 



Sam. 



live, velona 



idujy 



Tnauri, Fl. vola 



okc 



die, onaty 



"mate 



mate (Fi. id.) 



mate 



fear, tahotra 



takut 



mitakic 

 An. initae 



onata 'u 





Causative. 





onamelona 



mangidupi 



hakamiauri 

 Fl. vavola 



faaola 



mahafaty 



mamatikan 



Fi. vakaonatea 



tainiate 



mahatahotra 



manakuti 



hakaviatakuki 



faa 







An. miimitac 



onata 'u 



Note 1. — Fi. and My. use the transitive suffixes with the 

 causative ; in Fa. ki is often used in like manner. 



Note 2. — The same changes of this participial "in to /, 

 and r\ij), occurs in the verbal nouns. So also in Mg. 

 fahadiniy ny, amipahadinny ny {diniy 5). Compare Mg. 

 " faharoany, am^paharoany , the second," for change of fa 

 and amjxc ; and compare Santo " vakavuana, second " 

 (Gordon). For " to do a second time," the Mg. uses in the 

 foregoing instances, the causative prefix without the verb 



