34 The Oceanic Languages Semitic : 



substantive ha, as manindroa, for inoMiroa, i.e., marua := 

 Epi. varua ; so for "to do a third time/' Mg. manintelo, for 

 manitelo, ie., raatelo = Epi. vatolu. In Fa. and Sam. the 

 causative of the verb substantive (ka) is used, as hahatolu, 

 faatolu, bakariva, faalua. To turn the numeral into a verb, 

 with very various meanings is common to Oc. and Se. : 

 compare in Heb. the numeral 3, which treated as a verb, 

 Piel form, has as one of its meanings (Ges), "to do a third 

 time;" and the numeral 10, which in either the Piel or 

 Hiphil (causative) form, means " to give tithes," " to tenth." 

 In these it is not the verb form, but usage, that has 

 determined special meanings. 



It may be observed that just as in Pa. and Ma.-Ha. va,- 

 and vaka have about the same force (My. never uses the verb 

 substantive, ka, thus) ; so Mg. ona, and maha, and Quampa, 

 and riiainpaJia, have all about the same force, thus : — isy, to 

 be, manisy and mannpisy, to make to be ; so vitrikict, 

 vigour, causative "inahavitrikia, and mampahavitrihia, to 

 make vigorous, to inspirit. 



d. It win be noticed in the above that the Sam. causative 

 of the verb rtiate, to die, is taniate ; that is the causative 

 prefix is ta. This is a well-known causative prefix in the Ma.- 

 Ha. Halevy (Ro. Gr. § 54) has observed that in most, if not 

 all, of these dialects, ta is also employed as a causative prefix, 

 " as Tahiti tama, to cleanse, from "iiid, clean." It is especially 

 common in Tahiti : see the Tah. Diet. s. v., where it is said 

 to have the same force as faa. Sam. faafana, to warm food 

 over again, Tah. tahana, Mg. manafana, and inahafanafana. 



This ta, causative prefix, is the tha or ta that appears in 

 Syr. Thaphel (Heb. Tiphel) of which we formerly spoke. 



e. If we have in Oceanic the one form of the Semitic 

 causative prefix in ta, it is only reasonable to expect to find 

 the other sa (Shaphel or Sapliel). In Fa. we have feva, or 

 herafera, to be scattered, dispersed ; taferafera, scattered 

 (reflexive to be explained below) ; My. tahur ; causative 

 sahera hi, to scatter (anything) ; My. sibar ; Java sahar 

 (and maumr), id. In Fa. we have gaixc (kara), strong ; the 

 causative of which is sigiri, to strengthen, to make strong. 

 In Sam. we find a word vili in viligia, to air, dry in the 

 wind, and in savili, to blow. Compare fiie and safue, to 

 beat ; lulu and salidu, to shake. Compare also My. salami 

 (Ja. silain) to dive, immerge, plunge, with kalam, to sink to 

 to the bottom, and daktrii, deep. 



