The Verb. 35 



f. The sign ificat ion of the Se. causative form is 1, transitive 

 or causative ; 2, intransitive ; and 3, intensive : see the Se. 

 Grammars, and particularly Syr. Gr. j^ 23, 2, and § 24, 2, 

 comparing the Mod. Syr. It may be remarked that Saphel 

 (Shaphel) is commoner in Fa. and My., and Thaphel (Tiphel) 

 in Tahitian, than they are in, for instance, Hebrew. 



Note 1. — The force and use of My. causative prefix rna 

 (Ja. a) has been somewhat obscured by the enormous use in 

 that dialect of the transitive suffixes, or rather suffix i (Id), 

 IxUii, yet Marsden rightly called it the " transitive prefix." 



Note 2. — In Mg. nianlu (for maka), and maha are 

 identical, being the one a mere phonetic variation of the 

 other. 



B. The Reflexive or Reciprocal. 



In Mg., My., Fa., and Sam., along with the causative or 

 transitive, we find the intransitive Reflexive or Reciprocal 

 forms, now to be considered : 



a. The simple Reflexive. 



Mg. My. Fa. Sam. 



mi he, bar [i, ia] \ina, ia, kc] 



i 



miha Madura e 



iha 



Mg. i is the reflexive pronoun, self It is identical with 

 the personal pronoun, third person, in Mg., My., Fa., and 

 Sam. In Madura, e is the same ; thus causative Mg. ina, a, 

 Madura a, reflexive Mg. mi, i, Madura e. This latter is 

 called the passive (for which it serves), by Crawford. Fa. i 

 or ia, is simply the pronoun, third person singular, used also 

 for •' self" in the accusative ; and Sam. i, in ina, and ia, is 

 the same, and used thus, forms in that dialect, and Ma. -Ha. 

 generally, the passive, that is, the -reflexive-passive. 



Comparison — 



The Mg. reflexive form compares substantially with the 

 Assy, and Heb. nipltal, Arb. infalO', and Sab. similar forms. 

 This ancient Semitic form is made by prefixing to the verb 

 the reflexive pronoun (in Heb. hin), apparently the personal 

 pronoun, third person, strengthened by the demonstrative n, 

 and this n is often assimilated. This personal, in Heb. Itua, 



D 2 



