40 The Oceanic Languages Semitic: 



m, to which the an is suffixed, giving minuman. Hina in 

 Ma.-Ha. (cf. Halevy, Po. Gr. § 57), we have the simple 

 anga, and with the transitive particles, kanga, manga, &c. ; 

 and so in Mg., My., and Fa., see § 9, e. In Fa. at least, the 

 verbal noun, with, has a slightly different meaning from 

 that without the particle ; with it, it is active, without it, 

 passive (cf. Halevy, loc. cit.) The verbal noun of mate, to 

 die, is in Mg., hafaAesana, My., kamatian, Fa., namatiana, 

 Mangareva (Ma. -Ha.), m^atevanga, (and m^atenga), dying, 

 death. My. and Fa. are without a transitive particle, but 

 Mg. and Mang. have the one s, the other r : see § 9, e. 

 for lists. 



h. The Verbal Noun Prefixes. 



1. In the above words, liafaiisana, My. kamatian, ka, 

 ha is prefixed, and in Fa. naniatian, na is prefixed. 

 Fa. na is the article, and ka (ha), is an article also ; see 

 III. § 5. This article ka, with another pronominal element, 

 i, as kaA, prefixed, forms in Maori the verbal noun denoting 

 the agent, as hanga, make, kaihanga, maker. 



2. The relative article in My. forming the verbal noun 

 denoting the agent, is /xt, connected with the interrogative 

 pa and for ma, see III, § 5. In Mg. this is '?rip (and /), 

 as in the case of (the identical) participial m, § 10, A. 

 e., note 2. Examples — My. j^c6'??^6^^'}^^6A, Mg. mpaQUono^ 

 a killer, one who kills. The same relative article, My. ^, 

 Mg. /, is used with the verbal noun that is formed by 

 the sufiix an, as My. 'paml)un%ihan, murder ; and Mg. 

 h.?is fahafatisanaj, as well as hafatisana, death. Mg. fisotro, 

 drink tea, is an example of the / prefixed, without the 

 sufiixed an. 



It will be observed that the suffix an gives the verbal 

 noun a passive signification. Fa. famien (fami, to eat), 

 may mean eatable, to eat, for eating, and food. 



c. Comparison — 



1. Sufiix an. We find this in all the Semitic languages, 

 and the word korlean, offering, may be taken as an example. 

 In Eth., Dillm. Gr. § 122, -an and -?1C6 form abstract substan- 

 tives, as, herhan, light, from barha, to be bright, and erekan, 

 and erekana, nudity, from areka, nudus fuit ; so Fa. 

 malamala, to be naked, onakmialan, nakedness. Dillmann 

 says of this an " sie ist sicher furwortlichen ursprungs." It 

 is the common Se. demonstrative an, na : see III. §§ 1 -2. 



