26 Tlie Oceanic Languages Semitic : 



So in Chaldee, \hQ final conjunction, le (originally Arb. li) 

 prefixed thus to the same verb substantive, gives it a " con- 

 junctive, optative, and imperative power," Ges. Heb. Diet., 

 s. V. I. The Chaldee conjunction is le, the Fa., Fi., and Sam. 

 equivalents, ha, Fi. me (Arb. fa ; ki, ia (for Jda), ha (Arb. 

 ha, Tigre ha), have already been dealt with. Gaudalcanar 

 ti compares with Ch. Syr. di, de, and Mota si, with Eth. za^, 

 Sam. and Hawaiian ina, with Arb. an, final conjunctions ; 

 and with Sam. ina e ; compare An. namu {inu = Fa. ono, 

 fo, bo, § 6, a.) The infinitive thus expressed is like the 

 English ''to go," or "that he go," e.g., "I told him to," or 

 "that he should go ;" so Mod. Syr. Stoddart, p. 166. Thus 

 the Oceanic uses the same particles before the verb to 

 express these moods as the Semitic ; the Anc. Se. uses 

 generally the imperfect (" future ") of the verb after these 

 particles, but sometimes the participle : Syr. Gr. § 64. The 

 Oc, like the Mod. Syi\, having lost the inflexion of the 

 imperfect, uses the participle instead after these particles, just 

 as does the Mod. Syr. : Stoddart, p. 108. This of course 

 follows from the fact that in the tenses, §§ 5, 6, the participle 

 has, in Mod. Syr. and Oceanic, taken the place of the 

 Anc. Se. imperfect. In Oc.-Se. the infinitive is sometimes 

 expressed by one verb following another, without any 

 prefixed particle ; the following verb in Oc. is the participle : 

 compare Syr. for the same, Gr. § 64. 



My. de is to be compared with the Chaldee final conjunc- 

 tion le, Arb. li. 



4. The infinitive verbal noun will be treated of below. 



5. The My. imperative is expressed very nuich like the 

 English by the verb used alone, as mahan, eat, or with the 

 pronoun following it, 'mahan kamu, eat ye. 



6. The Mg. expresses the imperative, 2nd person, by 

 suffixing a to the verb, as mandroho, to flatter, mandrohoa, 

 flatter. So Javanese suffixes a, and sometimes an, as halang, 

 to throw, halanga, throw, hon, to order, honan, order. 

 Crawford, Diss. p. 25, says, "The Javanese imperative 

 aflbrds, with the exception of the Javanese genetive, the 

 only example, that 1 am aware of, in the Malayan languages 

 of an inflexion." This Mg. and Ja. a is undoubtedly the 

 same a which is suffixed to the ordinary imperative in Heb. 

 to form the emphatic imperative (Ges. Gr. § 48, 5), as " qum, 

 stand up, quraa, up ! ten, give, tena, give ! In Mg. also the 

 suffixing of this a causes the accent to be strongly thrown 



