The Verb. 19 



is identical with Avh.fi, literally " in," and Arb. fih, Eth. ha, 

 literally " in, it," used as a verb substantive in Mod. Arb., 

 Caus. de Pei-cival, Gram. Arab. Vulg., §§ 28G-7, and in 

 Ethiopic, Ludolf-Dict. s. v. With negative Eth. aleha, is 

 identical with Fa. tiba, riha ; the Arb. with negative rao., is 

 iina fi or ma fih. With Fa. hi, hei, hai, is identical Tahiti 

 vai, "■ to be." 



e. The Javanese verb substantive is ana, to be, to possess. 

 This is found in Mg. rtumia/aa., to possess, for which see 

 Griffith's Mg. Gr., p. 31. It is identical with Heb. hinneh 

 (Ges. Diet., the demonstrative, III. § 2, a. (5), used as a verb 

 substantive, or auxiliary.) Arb. innie (Newman, Handbook 

 Mod. Arb., p. 43), Eth. ene (Dillmann, Eth. Gr. § 160, n.) 

 and Amharic na, with pronoun na, lue, "he is," which Isen- 

 berg (Gr. p. 64) calls " the Irregular and Defective Verb 

 Substantive." In Oceanic, with the negative it appears in 

 for instance, Gaudalcanar 'ma/ilia^. Fa. ane, en (see /), 

 means to be, to abide, to dwell. 



/. It has been shown in L, that the Personal Pronoun, 

 third singular, is the same in Oceanic and Semitic. This 

 pronoun originally demonstrative. III., §1,2, a. (2), was in 

 Heb. hiia, Ma, Mod. Ai*b. hu, hie, Syr. hu, hi, u, i, Mod. Syr. 

 o, e, (Sic, used as the verb substantive, and in fact, was 

 radically identical with the well-known very ancient verb 

 substantive (much used as an auxiliary) Heb. ItayoJt, Ch. 

 haivdh, Syr. hzvo and ^co, in Mod. Syr., often a mere vowel. 

 Hence in Mod. Syr. (Stodclart, p. 34), it is impossible to tell 

 whether the modern verb substantive is derived from the 

 ancient verb substantive or pronoun. So in Oceanic we 

 find the verb substantive (whether derived from the ancient 

 verb substantive or pronoun, amounts to the same thing), 

 with the negative thus : — 



(With negative I.) 



Gaudalcanar tau, Ysabel teo, Eromanga taiui, Fiji faiua^ 

 Tongan tai. Syr. Iom, or lao, and loivo, Mod. Syr. le, loa, &c. 



(With negative "in.) 



Ysabel hai, Gaudalcanar riud, Mara-masiki mau, Florida 

 r}iua, Nifilole haiuo, Mod. Arb. onahu, oiiu. Compare "ma fih, 

 in d. ; the fih is fi, ''in," '4s." and h for hu, "he," "'is." 

 The derivation of the preposition fi, and pronoun Jiu helps 

 to explain how they can be used as verbs substantive. 

 Compare also Mod. Syr. biiva., present pa^rticiple of the verb 



c 2 



