The Verb. 17 



The causative prefix, baka, is explained below as b for m, 

 the participial 7n, a, the causative prefix, and Jca, verb 

 substantive. For ka is not only as we have seen, a demon- 

 strative, the particle of comparison *' as," and a preposition 

 " to," but as we shall now see, also a final conjunction " that," 

 " to," " in order that," and a verb substantive much used 

 as an auxiliary. 



§ 3. The final conjunction ka, sio^nifying " that," " to," 

 " in order that : " — 



Mg. My. Fa. Sam. 



ka, aoka ka, ga i, ia 



Ma. kioy 



Comparison. 



ka Arb. ka Tig. ka 



i (for ki) Heb. ki 



kia 



§ 4. Verbs Substantive. 



These fall naturally to be considered before discussing the 

 conjugation of the Verb, 



a. The particle ka, as a verb substantive. Owing to the 

 practice in Oceanic-Semitic of prefixing the negative adverb 

 to the verb substantive, and forming a compound word, 

 meaning literally " is-not," " no," we have a simple means of 

 comparing Oc. and Se. verbs substantive. The three principal 

 Semitic negative adverbs are Arb. ona, Heb. lo, kt, le, 

 Eth. ale, always prefixed, and Eth. i (or ai) also always 

 prefixed. Now these are the three principal negative 

 adverbs in Oceanic also — Heb. le, Sam. le, Fa. ti, ta, ri, and 

 tsi. My. ta, Mg. ts'y and di, are all identical ; see for the 

 phonetic changes of I II., on the numeral 2, where also Sam. 

 retains the original I. 



Now the verb substantive ka is found thus in Oceanic, 

 with prefixed negative : — 



(with I negative) 



Mg. My. Fa. Sam. 



tsia (iov tsika) tak tika leai f for le kai) 



Palan diak rikoj 

 diahoe (di akoe) tsika 



tsia 



