14 The Oceanic Languages Semitic : 



preceded by the negative, somewhat as we say in English 

 "at all," "however," &c., as " he did not come ctt all," thus : 

 Fa. ''ti mas man," Amh. ''alematame" (i.e. ale mata me), 

 Fo. (Ma.-Ha.) ''si mai man," Aniwa (Ma.-Ha.) " si mai mana.'* 

 These (leaving out the verbal pronoun) may all be rendered 

 in English, literally, "not come at all," or "not come 

 however ; " but as actually used, this suffixed indefinite 

 makes no translatable difference in the sense, giving merely 

 a vague emphasis. Harari agrees with Amharic in this use 

 of this suffixed indefinite : see for Amharic Isenberg, Gr. 

 pp. 152, 3; and for Harari, Burton's "Footsteps in East 

 Africa," Appendix. 



§ 8. Reflexives. 



In Mg. " self " is expressed by Many, or tena, or niany 

 tena. These words are purely demonstrative. Compare 

 Maori ano, self, and Arb. hanu, "ipse (tu)." Tencc compares 

 with My. den, self, Maori tonu, simply, only, self The My. 

 common word for " self " is diri, which looks like a redupli- 

 cation of the personal pronoun, 3rd singular, dia, he, she, it. 

 Dia is for via, that is lia ; compare diitua for ruwa, that is 

 luwa, the numeral 2. It (diri) is also used for " he," and in 

 Javanese as detve (Ja. often vocalises My. r) it alone is used 

 for he, she, it. This dAri is substantially identical with Eth. 

 lala, lali, " er er, er selbst, selbst," Dillm. Gram. §§ 62, 150. 

 Like the Ethiopic lali, it takes the genitive suffix of the 

 pronoun, as Eth. lalikaniu. My, dirikamii, yourselves, &c. 



But the further discussion of Reflexive Pronouns will 

 come under the Verb in its Reflexive or Reciprocal forms. 



Note 1. — Also we shall now be prepared, as we proceed, to 

 recognise the pronominal particles used in the conjugation of 

 the Yerb, formation of Nouns, Substantives, or Adjectives, 

 and in Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions. 



Note 2. — As to the Alphabet and changes of letters, all 

 that need be said, till they come to be specially treated, 

 is that in I. and II. changes in letters the Oceanic are 

 exhibited very fully in the words compared ; and that, as to 

 a comparison of Oceanic alphabets and letter changes with 

 Semitic (see the Oceanic-Semitic words in I. and II. for some 

 examples of letter changes), we find no other principles 

 exemplified than those we find in comparing the various 

 Semitic dialects, as to Alphabets and letter changes, with 

 each other. 



