10 The Oceanic Languages Semitic : 



The Arb. man and ma differ from uane in being used 

 " substantively," Wright, Arb. Gr. § 248. In Fa. tea is used 

 for both genders and numbers also substantively, and stands 

 for he who, they who, that which, what. The Fa. uane 

 preserves the original demonstrative force much more than 

 the Arb. man, which can hardly be said to preserve it at all. 

 The Amh. " prefixed relative pronoun " yame is, like Fa. tea, 

 used substantively for all genders and numbers. 



In Javanese (Crawford, Dissertation, p. 20) " the definite 

 article is represented by the relative pronoun " hang, or sang. 

 The ceremonial is ingkang, perhaps for inkan, if Fa. naga 

 (for naka), thus inka-n, naka. Now in Mod. Syr. (Stoddart, 

 p. 133) the ordinals are formed by prefixing the relative 

 pronoun d, as an article, to the cardinals ; d was also used 

 thus in Anc. Syr., Uhlemann's Cr. § 78, B 2, c. So in Fa., 

 My., and Javanese ka, or ke (Fa.), identical with the relative 

 pronoun Ja. lang, Heb. ki, is used exactly like the Syr. d, 

 as an article, prefixed to the cardinals, forming ordinals, 

 thus : — Fa. ketolu or katolu, My. katiga, Ja. katalu, Mod. 

 Syr. detela, Tahiti te torn, " third." It occurs also in Mg. 

 as ha, in, e.g., hateloana, three days ; where, however, it does 

 not form the ordinal. Now, for the Javanese katalu, we find 

 in Javanese also pengtalu, " third," that is j^eric/ appears to 

 be a relative pronoun article like ka. A comparison especially 

 of the prefixed relative articles used in forming the verbal 

 nouns in Ja., Mg., My., Tag., and Fa., shows clearly that it 

 is, and that this p (of peng) is identical with (1), and the 

 well-known Semitic prefixed relative article m (1) used in 

 forming verbal nouns. Peng is the same as pun in Ja. 

 punika. Fa. uanaga, see § 1, c. The prefixed relative 

 articles used in forming the verbal nouns are ka (in Mg. as 

 ha) in My., Ja., Tag., and Mg., and in Ma. as koA ; and p 

 (in Mg. as mp and/) in My., Ja., Tag., and Mg., Fa., Tag., 

 and Mg. also use n, as Fa. na, in, Tagala ang (ccn), and 

 Mg. ny. Fiji uses a, cd, (and ncc, nai), which compares with 

 Amh. ya (ia). Fa. uses te and tea in like manner. The Mg. 

 My., Ja., and Tagala p {"^np f), prefixed relative article, used 

 in forming nouns from verbs, is, as will be shown, etymologi- 

 cally identical with the common Semitic m similarly used. 



c. The relative (or relative article) is used in Oc. Se. 

 prefixed to the pronoun, usually the suffix pronoun, to 

 form the separate Possessive, both with and without an 

 intervening Preposition. We treat here of the relative thus 



