The Pronominals. 7 



s (3) in see, he, si, she ; in Harar h (G) in shhakh, and the 

 same in Assy, cata, thou, Mod. Syr. achton, ye. Tigve nisla, 

 thou, nisu, he, oiis (o, 3) compound article, or nis, tliis, Av^., 

 thou, and it, he. We find also in Semitic the same suffixed 

 as emphatics, Tigre nisus, he, anas, I, nisatekumos, ye. 

 In this last example n, s, t (5, 3, 7) are heaped together and 

 prefixed, while s (3) is also suffixed. See Fa. ako/mus, ye, 

 in § 3. In Chald. Jdonon, they, we have n (5) final. 



b. Generally, as to nouns, the well-known Semitic articles, 

 Heb. ha, Phen. a, Fa., Tah. e, a, § 3, is prefixed, but in 

 Syriac it is suffixed as an emphatic. So Arb. al or le (as 

 often pronounced), Sam. le (South Arb. on or am), is prefixed. 

 The Ethiopic has no article (prefixed), but appears to have 

 traces of the same post-position article (in the Amharic u), 

 as the Syriac. According to Halevy, the Sabaean (Himyaritic) 

 has as suffixed articles or emphatics, hit, etymologically 

 identical wT^th Syriac a, m, and n, or heu (hu and n). This 

 m (''mimation") he describes as "a true indefinite article" 

 (the other two being definite), and he compares it with the 

 Arb. nunation : see his " Etudes Sabeennes," VI. Thus 

 Sabaean suffixes to nouns (1), (2), and (5), or (2, 5). 



c. But, in addition, generally all the demonstrative par- 

 ticles are found occasionally used in the Semitic like articles : 

 iust as in Oceanic : see Malay above. As the Latin ilLe 



' became the article in the Romance dialects, so manifestly 

 both the Semitic and Oceanic articles have been analogously 

 derived, that is, the article was originally a demonstrative, 

 meaning ''this," or ''he," "she," "it," Thus in Tigre, 

 Jno. ix., 34, we have with sab, man, the demonstrative ete 

 (Eth. iiHu, he, this, the), as an article, etesab = the man. 

 So, in verse 24, we have eze, this m ezesab = the man : 

 compare, in verse 89, ze (Eth, ze, Heb. zeh, this), in zeolam 

 =■ the world. In Syriac, in like manner we have huo, this, 

 used as an article, for instance, in Acts viii. 35, huo ketobo 

 = the Scripture. In Mod. Syr. " in general, the pronouns 

 0, e, and ani, are used for the definite article :" Stoddart, 

 Gr., p. 145. This o is in the Heb. hua, and e, hia. In the 

 Semitic and Oceanic, demonstratives are found used both 

 before and after the noun (though most commonly after), 

 hence we find also articles or emphatics both prefixed and 

 post-positive. 



d. The Fa. article e (or sometimes a), as in e Iwbii, or 

 ekobu, the house, is, as Gabelentz (" Sesake-Sprach ") saw, a 



