2 The Oceanic Languages Seonitic : 



eriuai. Sometimes the same element is doubled, as oiin. 

 The general effect of this heaping together of demonstatives 

 is emphasis : compare the vulgar English emphatic "this 'ere'' 

 for this. 



These seven demonstratives are, as has been shown in IT. 

 (on the Numerals), universal in Oceanic ; this of course does 

 not mean that they are all equally in use in every dialect. 

 In the above the principal phonetic changes are in 1, r}i to / 

 (v), u (iv), though those in 4, I to r, and in 5, k to g, are also 

 to be noted. 



h. The Malagasy demonstratives are thus given in Griffith's 

 Grammar, and are compounded, as will be seen, of the above 

 seven elements : — 



Sing, ity, itoy, itony, io, izato, izatony, this. 



PL ireto, iretoy, iretony, ireo, izatoana, these. 



Sing, iroa, iny, irikitra, irokatra, that. 



PL iretoana, ireny, ireroana, those. 



Sing, or PL izao,izany, ilehy, iny, this, that, these, those. 



The element ] (on) appears to be wanting in these, though 

 it may be among them disguised as o (u) ; it undoubtedly is 

 in the Malagasy, as will be seen below. In the foregoing, 

 r is for I, tr for t, h for k. 



c. The Malay demonstatives may easily be seen to be 

 composed of the same elements. Thus ini, itu, mm, and 

 Javanese ika punika (p for m) same as Fa. uanciga. That 

 s, k, and on (as j9), and r for /, sometimes as d, are original 

 demonstrative elements in Malay, as well as i, n, and t, will 

 abundantly appear as we proceed. 



d. The Sanioan demonstratives are composed of the same 

 elements : — 



Sing, o leiieiy sinei, sia, this. 



PL ia, nei, these 



Sing. lea, o lena, o lela, sena, sisi, siasi, sinasi, that. 



PL Qia, those. 



In these (o is sometimes if not always for ko) 1 and 7 are 

 wanting ; but they are found in other Maori -Hawaiian 

 dialects, as for instance, 7, Tahiti teie, tera, tena, this, that ; 

 and 1 as a prefixed demonstrative or article in Tahiti vau, 

 Maori luau (for rnakii), I, and Tahiti vera (ef Fa. nara, 

 I. § 24), the}^ This vera is for mera. 



