xxxii INTRODUCTIOX TO BOTANY. 



and horizontal. 6. Jiorizontal, that is, at right angles with 

 the stem. 7. root-leaves^ (radical,) such as proceed imme- 

 diately from the root; for example, coimlip. See Plate, 

 19. 8. depressed, that is, where the I'oot-leaves are pressed 

 close to the ground; for example, hoarj^ plantahi, (plantago 

 media.) 9. Jloating, (natant.) 10. under water, (demersed.) 

 11. growing partly above the x<oater, (emersed ;) for example, 

 common arrow-head, (sagittaria sagittifolia. 12. stalkless, 

 (sessile,) that is, without a leaf-stalk. See Plate, 23, &c. 

 13. ru>ini?ig down the stem, (decurrent,) when the base of a 

 stalkless leaf extends itself downwards along the stem ; for 

 example, in several species o^ thistles. See Plate, 34. 14. stalk- 

 embracing, (amplexicaul,) that is, clasping the stem by its base, 

 (see Plate, 30 :) when leaves go only half round, they are called 

 half- embracing, (semi-amplexicaul. 15. perfoliate, as if the 

 stem had been driven through the middle of the leaf; having 

 the base of the leaf entirely surrounding the stem ; for example, 

 thorough-wax, (bupleurum rotundifolium.) See Plate, 32. 

 16. growing together, (connate,) when two opposite leaves 

 are so united at their bases, as to resemble one leaf; for ex- 

 ample, garden honey-suckle, lonicera Caprifolium. See Plate, 

 31. 17. sheathing, (vaginant,) when a leaf invests the stem or 

 branch by its base, in the form of a tube ; for example, poly- 

 gonum, dock, most o{ \\\e grasses. See Plate, 16. 18. equitant, 

 folding over each other, when the sides of a leaf tend to con- 

 verge towards one point in nearly parallel lines, so that the 

 inner leaves are inclosed by the outer ones; for example, Iris, 

 Acorus, Car ex, Lancashire asphodel, (narthecium ossifragum.) 

 See Plate, 33. 19. starry, (stellate,) or whorled, (verticillate,) 

 when the stalk is surrounded by leaves, radiating from 

 the stem, like the spokes of a wheel; for example, goose- 

 grass, (galiutn aparine,) (see Plate, 26 ;) these leaves, more than 

 two, seldom fewer than four, may also be three, (tevn,) four, 

 (quatern,)^t;^, (quine,) six, (sene,) &c. 20. opjwsite, growing 

 in pairs, opposite to each other. See Plate, 21, 23. 21. 

 alternate, when the leaves themselves not being op}oosite, grow 

 out regularly one above another, on the opposite sides of the 

 stem. See Plate, 22. 22. cliaffy, (acerose,) that is, needle- 

 shaped, linear, and permanent i for example, fir, yew. 23. 



