SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQ. Carduus. 229^ 



SERRA'TULA. Saw-wort.' 



S. tinctoria. Common S. Leaves with copious, bristly 

 serratures, wing-cleft, somewhat lyre-shaped ; terminal 

 lobe largest. Seed-down roughish. E. B. 38. Ser- 

 ratula. G. E. 713. 



Groves, thickets, grassy pastures. 



Per. Juii/. 



Ls. smooth on both sides : lower ones generally undivided, some- 

 times all. Plant firm, rigid. Fl. purple, sometimes white ; 

 somewhat corymbose at the top. Down of the seed glossy, with 

 a brown, or gold tinge. Cal. scales of an elegant brown colour. 

 Globular form of the florets resembles an old fashioned wine- 

 glass. Ls. half embracing the stem. Stit/ma forked deeply. 

 Plant dioecious in effect. 

 Aifords a yellow dye for coarse woollen : used in Sweden for 



that purpose. This plant untouched by cattle. 



CA'RDUUS. Thistle.^ 



* Leaves running down the stem. 



C. nutans. Musk T. Leaves not running all the way 

 from one leaf to another, thorny. Flowers solitary, 

 drooping. Calyx-scales spear-shaped j their upper 

 part spreading. E. B. 1112. 



WojSte ground, fallow fields, dry, harr en pastures. 



An ? July. 



Stem tw^o or three f, slightly furrowed, slightly cottony. Ls. 

 alternate, green on both sides. Fl. smell strongly of musk in 

 warm weather. 1' I. -stalks woolly, round, naked. Cal.-scales 

 leafy points, sHghtly cottoned. Ls. with a white rib. Styles 

 bent back towards the side. Fl. musky, especially in the even- 

 ing. Linn. Cal.-scales dull red : the outward spines wide and 

 open, the inw^ard ones erect : terminate in a strong, yellow 

 thorn. Pollen grey, globular, set with fine points. Small stalks 

 naked. 

 The dried flowers of this, and of Car. lanceolatus, used in some 



countries for a rennet to curdle milk. Many kinds of moths hover 



over the flowers at night. The down of this may be used as a 



material in making paper. 



C. acanthoides. Welted T. Leaves running down the 

 stem, sinuated, very thorny. Flowers crowded, some- 

 what stalked. Calyx globose ; scales linear, partly 

 curved back. E. B. 97^. C. polyacanthos. C. 6. 

 54. Sb. 245. Polyacanthos. G. E. 1173. Thistle 

 upon Thistle. 



' Ang.-Sax. = Ang.-Sax. 



