GOAT WILLOW, OR LARGE-LEAVED SALLOW. 1 7l 



obtained from trees that had been cut down, and which 

 were observed to contain the larva or the pupa of the 

 insect. Such pieces as were found to contain these were kept 

 in a large box placed in a dampish situation, and carefully 

 watched till the developement of the perfect insect, which 

 takes place towards the end of June or beginning of July. 

 The following plan has also been adopted with success ; 

 this is to surround the lower part of the trunk of growing 

 trees containing the pupa with fine muslin or leno, taking- 

 care so to secure the lower and upper ends, that the perfect 

 insects when they come forth cannot escape between the 

 muslin and the bark. 



Trees infested with the larvae are easily detected by 

 the sawdust or abraded wood which is found at the bottom 

 of the trunk, just where it emerges from the ground, and 

 where the larva appears to make its first entrance, which 

 some entomologists suppose is not till the second year of its 

 own age, as the caterpillars and the perforations are all 

 large and nearly of the same size, nor are any borings met 

 with indicative of a small or newly-hatched worm ; the 

 supposition, therefore, is, that the caterpillar is hatched 

 about the root of the tree, and for a certain period lives 

 upon the tender bark of the roots, a fact, however, that 

 we have not yet been able satisfactorily to ascertain. 



Galleruca caprea, a beetle belonging to the family Gal- 

 lerucidte, also infests this as well as Sal. cinerea, both 

 in its perfect and larva state ; and the leaves are also often 

 much injured by the caterpillars of Nematus caprea, a 

 four- winged insect belonging to the Tenthredinida . 



The bark of Sal. caprea contains a considerable propor- 

 tion of tannin, and brings the same price as that of the 

 birch and larch, in the north of England and Scotland. 



It grows very rapidly for a few years, springing from the 



