200 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [MARCH 
carpellate; both were intermediate in sexual expression and of the 
same character as intermediate plants obtained from seeds from 
pure parents; (2) seeds from a carpellate plant which developed 
three staminate flowers before it died; three plants were obtained, 
which were carpellate but produced stamens before they died; 
two individuals became decidedly staminate and one slightly so; 
(3) seeds from an apparently pure carpellate plant but pollinated 
with pollen from an intermediate staminate plant; two carpellate 
plants were secured which later produced stamens. 
Cultural conditions 
The various plantings in the garden were perfectly normal, 
and not a single individual gave any indication of an intermediate 
or monoecious condition, and there was no sex reversal. The plants 
raised in the greenhouse during the winter were growing in a very 
abnormal environment. The aim was to change the environmental 
factors controlling growth and nutrition as much as possible 
without interfering entirely with reproduction. Accordingly a rich 
soil was used, with abundance of water and the ordinary tempera- 
tures used in greenhouses during the winter months. The light 
conditions were very low, the soil in the benches was shallow, about 
3 in. deep, and the main source of heat was immediately beneath 
the benches. Under these conditions the hemp matured very 
early, and in those plants which had the poorest illumination the 
inflorescence usually appeared when but two pairs of leaves were 
present. The plants were never more than a few inches high, and 
the first staminate flowers usually opened in 32 or 33 days from 
the time of planting. 
No attempt was made to discover which abnormal condition or 
set of conditions was mainly responsible for the changed morphology 
and sexuality, but apparently the reduction in the quantity and 
. intensity of light, with its effect on the nutritive process, is the 
chief factor involved. Good illumination with low temperature 
would probably give much the same results. The influence of the 
abnormal conditions on sexual expression, as will appear later, is 
very great. Commonly more than 75 per cent of the individuals 
showed mixed sexual expression or a reversal of the sex before the 
