1921] SCHAFFNER—HEMP 209 
3,4, and 5 produced large numbers of intermediates and reversals, 
while plots 6 and 7 produced only pure carpellate and pure stam- 
inate plants. It is evident, therefore, that the large numbers of 
intermediates and revetsals of plots 3, 4, and 5 were due entirely 
to the conditions of environment and not to a difference in genetical 
constitution as compared with the plants of plots 6 and 7. The 
abnormal environment caused a reversal in the staminate seedling 
from the male to the female state, and this resulted in the expres- 
sion of carpellate structures in varying degrees of extent and inten- 
sity. The same environmental conditions caused a reversal in the 
carpellate plants from a female to a male condition, either in the 
early seedling stage or at any later time until the approach of old 
age and death. This reversal is also of varying degrees of extent 
and intensity as in the staminate plant. In extreme cases the 
carpellate plants produced normal stamens with fully developed 
pollen, which is shed in the usual manner. In other cases, although 
stamens were developed, the pollen was imperfect and the anthers 
dried off without dehiscing. In the reversal of the staminate plant 
there were also occasional normal carpellate flowers produced with 
their entire morphology typically carpellate, but usually the 
structures were abnormal. 
Enough progress has now been made in the Hirection of sex 
control in the hemp to take a quantity of seeds and produce at will 
either a stand consisting of individuals with pure male or female 
expression, pure staminate or carpellate plants, or a stand of 
individuals in which 50-90 per cent are of mixed sexual expression, 
although the sex was apparently already definitely determined as 
male or female in the sporophyte embryo. 
Character and degree of sexual reversal 
The carpellate plants, which are somewhat intermediate from 
the first, or which sooner or later reverse their sexual expression, 
produce normal seeds, and some plants were grown from such seeds 
in the greenhouse. Since the greater part of the development of the 
individual is complete before anthesis, the carpellate plants con- 
tinue to appear typically carpellate after reversal except in the 
floral structures. If partial reversal takes place much before 
