1921] SCHAFFNER—HEMP 217 
Summary 
1. Hemp planted in spring in the open, under normal conditions, 
developed as pure carpellate and pure staminate individuals. 
There is no confusion of sexuality. 
2. The ratio between carpellate and staminate individuals is 
about 1:1, with a large deviation in either direction for various 
plots. 
3. Hemp planted in winter in the greenhouse on shallow benches 
with low light intensity showed great confusion in sexual expression. 
Abundant irregularities were produced, such as stamens with 
normal stigmas and structures partly carpellate and partly stami- 
nate, as well as more typically bisporangiate flowers and flowers 
typical of the opposite sexual state. 
4. Both carpellate and staminate plants showed reversal in 
their growing period to the opposite sexual state. 
5. In extreme cases 88+ per cent of carpellate plants showed 
reversal to maleness, and 80 per cent of staminate plants showed 
reversal to femaleness. 
6. Both staminate and carpellate plants, although they showed 
decided sexual dimorphism, contained all the factors and abilities of 
both sexes. There is no question of a homozygous or heterozygous 
condition involved. The staminate and carpellate pga tees con- 
tain the potentialities for the perfect development of the op 
Reversal of the sexual state takes place in the vegetative tissues, 
and has no relation to a reduction or segregation of chromosomes 
or their possible hereditary factors. 
7. The sexual reversal is of all degrees of intensity, from very 
imperfect expressions of the opposite organs to completely normal 
development. 
8. Sexuality is a state or condition not Mendelian in nature, 
but related to the functional activity of the plant and profoundly 
influenced by environment. Maleness and femaleness in hemp 
are probably controlled by the metabolic level of the cells, and 
sex reversal takes place when the metabolic level is decidedly 
changed or disturbed. 
9. Any tissue in its growth may be ina neutral state of varying 
degrees of intensity, and during its continued growth can pass 
