406 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [MAY 
_ plains and transplanted to high altitudes became biennials or perennials, as 
Poa annua and Senecio viscosus, while Calamintha acinos became not only 
perennial but subfruticose. 
n 1919 seeds from known individuals were sown on July 1 at Fontaine- 
bleau at an altitude of 78 m., and in the Pyrenees at 2000 m. The resulting 
plants were compared on September 30, and all at the alpine station showed 
decided dwarfing. In spite of the fact that many species did not reach ma- 
turity in the mountains, several showed the mature form of leaf earlier than 
in the lowland. Some species, such as Sinapis arvensis and Centaurea cyanus, 
proved by their flowering that the dwarfed alpine individuals were quite 
mature. Many of the alpine forms exhibited a decidedly increased develop- 
ment of hairs and of anthocyan.—GEo. D. FULLER. 
copodium.—Hottoway," in his fourth paper on New Zealand species of 
Lycopodium, presents sections PHLEGMARIA and CERNUA, the former repre- 
sented by L. Billardieri, with its var. gracile, and L. varium, the latter by 
L. cernuum, L. laterale, and L. ramulssum. 
In the PHrEGMARIA group the general form of the prothallium “consists 
essentially of a central body of tissue which may be either bulky or more or 
less elongated, and a number of branches which arise adventitiously from the 
central body.” The plants are dorsiventral and the sex organs zonate. The 
latter arise “(immediately behind the apex” of either the main body or the 
branches, and are associated with numerous paraphyses. The archegonia 
occur only on the central body. The endophytic fungus may occupy the 
entire mass of cells of the main body when young, except the generative tip 
and the epidermis. In the older plants there is a central layer of elongated 
cells free from the fungus, probably functioning as “translocation tissue.” 
The identity of the fungus has not been settled, but Hortoway has shown the 
sporelike bodies observed by other investigators. His figures of the fungus 0 
L. Billardieri show exactly the habit of the fungus in the prothallia of L. 
_ lucidulum observed by the reviewer. The same thing is probably to be found 
in the prothallium of L. Selago. The relationship of the four embryonic 
organs is well shown in fig. 34. 
here is an excellent discussion of body form, comparing prothallia of 
this section with those of the Selago group. Ho toway states that the Phleg- 
maria type of prothallia is “the extreme attained by the cylindrical type of 
growth”; and that the clavatum type is “the extreme attained by the con- 
tinued conelike manner of growth.” 
In considering the representatives of CERNUA, most attention is given to 
L. ramulosum. It is an interesting fact that chlorophyll never occurs in the 
lower part of the prothallium. The fungus is limited to shallow zones, 
*Hottoway, Rev. J. E., Studies in the New Zealand species of the genus Lyco- 
podium. IV. Trans. New Zealand Inst. 52:193-239. 1920. 
