I32 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY 
and moisture of the soil). In discussing the influence of man 
and animals on the vegetation, the principal factor is shown to 
be sheep, of which there are about one hundred thousand on 
the islands. They = Se to roam at large all the year 
round, are very ¢ eeders; so much so that it is only 
on the uel islands (ifelms) in the lakes that one can see the 
real —— The same fact is noted by Mr. Beeby in the 
Shet 
Belews entering on “the er features (duration, types, 
vegetation, flowering, assem and altitude), the author gives a 
full list of the flowering plants pet vascular oF DIOHNRIS these 
number two hundred and nidaty-etgttt, of which thirty are not 
British, but these include twenty-one Hieracia which are sa said to 
-be endemic, and one introduction. One can but think that when 
Shetland and Icelandic forms are more studied this number will 
be found to be overstated. 
Of the vascular plants about — per cent. are perennial, the 
remainder hapaxanthie: twenty-one ar ummer-annuals,” and 
only one native (Kenigia shoudl): is annual on the seated. 
Cochlearia officinalis is noted as bot pores nnial and annual—in 
England it is often the former. . The author speaks with ap- 
proval of the work of British gprs with regard to C. alpina 
Watson and C. micacea E. S. Marshall: I have specimens of 
— former gathered in Tiihemehcla, Stromo, by Col. H. W. 
It is impossible to enter into the wide deductions omg are 
here under the head of biological types: if every co $ to 
have its own types, the study will be cawekisally a seuibes 
_ sixty-nine species, forty-two as spot-bound (sedentary), and 
e hun dred ihtoon ieiaday oath above ae und 
varied? or with subterranean shoots. 
Under time of flowering (1902-1906) a list of sixty-four species 
is given of which the first flowering has been observed. Judging 
pert 
from the interesting remarks, the period of flowering is sho 
Saxifraga oppositifolia, first in ee on oa 7 at 200 metres, 
s nearly over on ey: way (Tromso) it be 
lan, at reercieny it was in Hower on ‘Ming 10, 1887 *; in 
Arctic Norway from June 8 till August, and even at times to 
September 12. The dates of Scilla verna are, in the Faroes, 
June 14; Caithness, June 2; Cornwall, April 17; Carnarvon, 
May 14. 
Want of sunlight seems to be the main reason that some 
thirty-six species do not me their hae “or cannot do so with 
certainty year after yea: Aquatic plants (Potamogeton, &e.) 
rarely even set their frait ts; P; sigan has no fruits hg a 
though in specimens from Greenland (Baals River, 64° N. lat.) 
* Warming in Festskrift (1900), 261. 
