40 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JANUARY 
The valence table shows that the yellow pine is slightly the 
dominant species in the Upper Pines. In the Lower Pines the 
reverse is true. It will be noted that this is due to the grouping 
of individuals of a species in certain parts of the stand, as is shown 
by transects IV and V. Similar grouping of the white pine is 
shown in transects I and II, while transect III shows an almost 
equal abundance of the two dominant species. These facts of 
abundance are not correlated with any soil differences as far as 
could be determined. It probably represents the influence of 
TABLE VII 
VALENCE OF FACIES IN FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE, UPPER PINES 
TRANSECT NO. 
SPECIES Torat | Ratio 
- II Til IV Vv 
Yellow pine HS MC eae 25 an 50 72 . 228 100 
White pine............. 45 49 53 26 37 210 92 
White 08k... cai 6 15 4 5 4 34 15 
Red O86 o655 3 eo ° I ° ° ° 0.4 
Red wigs. ° ° I ° I 2 0.8 
TOU, core yeas 76 92 108 103 96 at gti Panes e 
persistent seed trees of the original stand which predominantly 
determined the nature of the succession within their respective 
areas. 
The red and white oaks are rather constant members of the 
formation, the white oak always predominating. While they do 
not influence the physiognomy of the facies, yet in case of cutting 
or burning, the white oak is the persistent species and largely 
determines the nature of the reforestation, giving rise to the oak or 
mixed oak formation in which the red oak fails to reappear, being 
replaced by the black oak and in some cases by the additional 
invasion of the jack pine, neither of which, so far as observed, is 
ever found in the Big Pines formation. The red maple represents 
sporadic invasion from the not far distant margin or floodplain of 
the Little Manistee River. It was not recorded from the upland 
portions of the formation. 
