132 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [FEBRUA RY 
A stand of pitch pine 45 years old with suppressed black oaks 
averaging one and three respectively per 25°1™, was cut clean eight 
years ago. An average square meter now supports 3 coppice groups 
of black oak, 3 Corylus americana, 1 Amelanchier canadensis, 1 Salix 
humilis; under layer, Myrica and Pteris; beneath this, Kalmia, 
Vaccinium vacillans, Lysimachia quadrijolia. The sample plot 
(fig. 1) discloses the present conditions of a lot from which pitch pine 
was removed 15 years ago. 
When the coppice stands of oak are about 15 years old, they cover 
the area sufficiently to shade out much of the under vegetation. 
Myrica is the first to show the effects of this shading and Pteris 
goes next, while the species of Vaccinium persist longer than either 
Myrica or Pteris, V. vacillans enduring the competition with the 
trees longer than V. pennsylvanicum. At this stage the pines begin 
to reestablish themselves. Pitch pine because of its greater intoler- 
ance comes into such areas very sparsely and very slowly. Only one 
place was found where it had gained control, and even there the stand 
seems destined to be displaced by the more shade-enduring white 
pine, as the sample plot (fig. 2) shows. 
For the reasons stated above, white pine is establishing itself on 
the clean-cut areas, formerly controlled by pitch pine, to a greater 
extent than the pitch pine. For example, in a lot cut 12 years ag0; ice 
25°1™ one finds 8 white birch saplings, 3 black oak coppice groups» 
6 pitch pine seedlings, and 3 white pine seedlings; this is 100” 
from white pine seed trees. A distance of 50™ from seed trees 
there are on 25%™ 3 black oak coppice groups, 2 Amelanchier 
canadensis, 1 white birch, 1 red maple, 2 pitch pine seedlings, 
and 13 white pine seedlings. A still older stand is shown in sample 
plot no. 14 (jig. 3). 
The best white pine reproduction on clean-cut areas, however, is 
found where white birch controls. Thus in a clean cutting of 12 
years ago, there are now 2 white birch coppice groups, 25 birch sap- 
lings and seedlings, 6 red maple coppice groups, 20 Viburnum aceri- 
folium, 17 Corylus americana, 3 Rhus typhina, 4 Myrica, 20 Vaccinium 
vacillans, 2 white pine (8 years old); Polytrichum commune and 
Carex pennsylvanica dominant beneath. This plot is 100™ from 4 
white pine seed tree. Another plot of the same size (25°3™) cleared 
