1910} HOWE—REFORESTATION OF SAND PLAINS 133 
15 years ago and only 5™ from a seed tree, shows 44 white pine seed- 
lings mostly 4 and 8 years eld. The seedlings are practically all on 
little hammocks covered with Polytrichum and Mitchella. The plot 
PP T 
BE ene PP Crt 
a8 = en OR} | | ER a — 
aa PA | 
= opal an a 
SEE RR AREAS ee ie ie 
}—}—+—+ + aaReRER uid PS:_| PS _| 
Sereda Oe Et R Rie 
ee Se PS ra] 
SERS Pp : 
=a ae fee OA AS et A L P L 
@ Pi yes 3 AN “Q F my 
Sea eee eee L 
REE pa] R PP R i 
Poe ey : am 
Sana a |AN| PSie] IL 
ee Oe Oa el ce is Ne 8 
SOE Set Red See A } 
RERBE Be em pat |_| 
aaaneene ; MA 
SSeS gaa o ee ] 
pet tt kt PS Ee t PS 3. P 
Bue rt PP 
71 oe oe ee ann GnEE Gn SEO Se Gm 
a) 208 See | ad ae OB att 
ete Ce A ame 
pat Hy oa R Pa 
ee ecm sie OE i 
ee ee ee PS a] PS 6) 1. 
ppt Te A 
iS Ps Be 2 A 
25 0 2 oe ee oe ee eee R) 
evanear RE SzRw eB R 
2 vee Fay Se et} aes at am PA Pi 
SERRE Pe ae PA 
me J H 
SE ees ee ld F OR | be BE = 
a PA R af fs p — -— 
i L | PA Y. PAL_| | pa. 
i Pa | PA PA ae a 
] f a 
Fic 
- 3-—Sample plot 14. Cleared 20 years ago, Essex plain, 5 meters square; 
PS, Pinus Strobus 14: ; QA, Quercus alba 8; QR, Q. rubra 7; A, Acer rubrum 6; PP, 
Prunus penn nsylvanica 10; PA, Pteris eating 29; R, Rubus allegheniensis 15; L, 
Lysimachia quadrifolia 9; M, Myrica asplenifolia 3; AN, Aralia nudicaulis 3; ,V, 
dccinium vacillans 2; F, Fragaria sp. 1; H, Hamamelis t. 
also contains one white pine sapling, 4 white birch and 3 black oak 
saplings, 3 Hammamelis, and 8 Corylus. 
White birch in competition with oaks and pines persists only 20 
to 30 years. Thus in a representative stand of this age one finds on 
25°" 5 white pine (5 to 14 years old), 2 black oak, 1 white oak, 3 white 
birch (nearly dead). When such stands are 35 years old the white 
