1910} HOW E—REFORESTATION OF SAND PLAINS 147 
from the seed tree, 4 seedlings; 25 to 20™, 17 seedlings; 20 to 15™ 
24 seedlings; 15 to 10™, 25 seedlings; 10 to 5™, 35 seedlings; 5—1™ 
from a vertical line dropped from the outer margin of the crown 
of the seed tree, 85 seedlings. The seedlings were 3 and 8 years old. 
| 
P in M 
PSs | : 
M M | ¥ u 
M uM A 
Sunes)! ; 
We Aa A ry 
A ue 
L] Ais rs 
4 i} {ir A 
SSeS a 1 
Beaune P8 A 
ii} | jas 
a8 oy ES oo ee CA 
Se 6 os SS Ee wv 
SA me SS ce cA 
TT Tes 
ae u 
ui 
P al As | | 
i sasees 
WIM fp eae 
= ” bef femned 
¥ 
eae Da uM PS 30 Ws 
SF aa SG woe 
i es wet 
Saini s 
Se Be se ee 
Sg ea AD Oe {: 
Se ia a ws | 
i Oa eS | iy 
ce a | 20 
eae { } soem 
—— I 
} i 
15.—Sample plot 13. White pine stand 35 years old, an Fe culti- 
aad field. Essex plain, 5 meters square; PS, Pinus Strobus 14; QV, Q. velutina 2; 
QA, Q. alba 1; QR, Q. rubra 1; A, Acer rubrum 14; CA, Corylus americana 2; M, 
Maianthemum  cnandeiie 35; MR, Mitchella repens 5; V, Vaccinium vacillans 1; S, 
Solidago sp. (rosette) 3. 
During their sapling stage the pure stands of white pine are usually 
so dense as to exclude secondary vegetation, but by the time they 
are 30 years old they have become thinned out sufficiently to allow 
undergrowth. This is illustrated in sample plot no. 13 (fig. 15), made 
beneath a stand 35 yearsold. Seedling and sapling oaks are of com- 
