220 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [MARCH 
being found in papers upon other subjects, with nothing whatever in the 
titles to indicate their presence. For this reason many workers in both 
botany and entomology have frequently thrown aside interesting material. 
A brief résumé of the subject may be of interest to the students of botany. 
Very little work was done and very few papers published before 1861, 
when C. R. von OsTEN-SACKEN, of the foreign diplomatic service in Wash- 
ington, began the publication of a series of papers which appeared in the 
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, various U. S. 
government publications, Smithsonian Institution publications, etc. Since 
that time many entomologists have published valuable papers on this 
subject and also many important notes in connection with papers on other 
phases of entomology. Up to the present time there have been about 
125 workers who have given some attention to this subject in North America, 
and they have published approximately 350 papers and notes. 
In Europe the subject is very little older than in America, but has 
attracted the attention of far more workers. Although there have been 
approximately 350 workers, who have issued about 1200 publications, 
not more than 100 were published before 1861, which date may be con- 
sidered the beginning of the subject in this country. It is also true that 
the greater part of the work in Europe has been done by the entomologists, 
but in recent years a great deal of attention has been devoted to the study 
of the cecidia themselves. 
From the viewpoint of the botanist, cecidology presents a most interest- 
ing field for research. Both botanist and entomologist are continually 
confusing the cecidia caused by fungi and insects, and the confused state 
of the literature has led to the neglect or abandonment of many interesting 
problems. The fact that most of the work has been done by the entomologist 
has made the literature somewhat inaccessible to the botanist, and has also 
given the younger botanists a misconception of the character of the subject. 
Not only has the confusion caused the neglect and abandonment of 
problems, but has caused some rather interesting and amusing statements 
as the result of misinterpretations. This may be illustrated by Bucida 
buceras, a tropical plant which produces two kinds of fruits, one ‘small and 
the other long. Both names (Bucida proposed by LINNAEUS in 1759 and 
buceras by P. BRowNE in 1756) are derived from the long fruits, which 
authors considered as resembling the horn of a bull. However, recent 
studies have shown that the long fruits were hypertrophied as the result 
of mite injuries.3 
Cecidology is not only closely interwoven with entomology, 
, N. L., The generic name Bucida; and Cook, Met. T., 
hypertrophied fruit of Bucida buceras. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35:303-306- 19°: 
but also 
The. 
