12 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [SEPTEMBER 
(10, 11), with the important exception that thereeare numerous 
groves of Pinus Banksiana occupying depressions just back of the 
foredune, and apparently originating in pannes. 
SAND RIDGE FORMATION.—The sand ridge area was originally 
covered by a forest of pine and oak whose trees had reached con- 
siderable size. This forest had been burned before the white set- 
tlers came to the region. Many of the dead trees were cut while 
still standing, and many of their stumps still remain. A few patches 
were not burned, perhaps being protected by neighboring bodies 
of water, and these give some idea of what the original forest 
might have been (fig. 8). Reproduction has been good all over the 
region, and with fifty years’ growth behind it, the forest might be 
regarded as half-way to maturity. While strictly this region should 
be regarded as a secondary succession, most of the area has prac- 
tically been untouched by man, and the development seems to be 
well on its way toward a reproduction of its original condition, so 
that with the aid of apparently untouched portions it should be pos- 
sible to work out the stages of the original succession. 
The trees of this formation in the order of their importance are 
Pinus Strobus, P. resinosa, P. Banksiana, Quercus ellipsoidalis, 
Q. alba, Q. rubra (Q. velutina apparently should belong here, but has 
not been certainly identified), Acer rubrum, Betula alba papyrifera, 
Populus tremuloides, P. grandidentata, Amelanchier canadensis, and 
Prunus pennsylvanica. The shrubs found on the sand ridges are 
Cornus stolonifera near the dune belt and Rhus typhina farther south 
(fig. 4). In the undergrowth are found Pieris aquilina, Gaultheria 
procumbens, Vaccinium vacillans, V. pennsylvanicum, Melampyrum 
americanum, and Ceanothus virginiana, with Cladonia rangiferina, 
several cushion mosses, and occasionally Selaginella rupestris in the 
drier portions. In the more mesophytic spots occur also Pedicu- 
laris canadensis, Galium sp., Maianthemum canadense, Diervilla 
Diervilla, and Aster cordifolius. Near the dunes are found Artemi- 
sta canadensis, Smilacina stellata, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, A pocynum 
cannabinum, Rosa blanda, Juniperus communis, and J. horizontalis. 
ASSOCIATIONS OF SAND RIDGE DEPRESSIONS.—The depressions 
between sand ridges are small oval bowls or pockets averaging only 
a few hundred yards in greatest length. They show all types of 
