14 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [SEPTEMBER 
trifoliata, Aspidium Thelypteris, and in the wetter portions Typha 
latifolia, Iris versicolor, and Phragmites communis (fig. 5). The shrubs 
are Chamaedaphne calyculata, Andromeda glaucophylla, Vaccinium 
corymbosum, Betula pumila, and rarely Ledum groenlandicum. 
The trees if any are scattered, and include Larix laricina, Picea 
mariana, and where the substratum is very dry Pinus resinosa and 
P. Strobus. 
The bogs of the thicket type are covered with a dense growth of 
Larix with some Thuja occidentalis, mingled with shrubs of Alnus 
Fic. 6.—Long Lake, with pines on sandy point; Algonquin shore line in distance 
incana, Betula pumila, Rosa carolina, Chamaedaphne calyculata, 
Andromeda glaucophylla, Cornus stolonifera, Eupatorium perfoliatum, 
Myrica Gale, and occasional specimens of Cypripedium sp. These 
thickets are usually surrounded by a zone of Thuja, sometimes 
narrow but occasionally of sufficient area and maturity of trees to 
be called a “‘cedar swamp.” Here are found in addition Fraxinus 
americana, Betula alba, Abies balsamea, and Acer rubrum. Around 
the outer edges next the sand ridge, small specimens of Tsuga 
canadensis are locally found. 
In the cedar forests the shade is very heavy. The roots of the 
trees interlace above the water or semiliquid muck, while the under- 
