26 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [SEPTEMBER 
logs may have come from trees killed by prehistoric fires, as they 
had no bark on them, but they were not charred, and otherwise 
seemed well preserved, with many dead branches extending up 
among the young tamarack trees. In fact, the whole situation 
suggested the sudden freezing of the surface of a pond, solidifying 
into a green grass mat, instead of a covering of ice. In the case of 
the large meadow occupying a shallow swale between Long and 
Rush Lakes, which at one time might have been a water connection 
between the two lakes, the shore showed the regular horizontal 
G. 11.—Grass oo near Long Lake; bog shrubs on left, with tamaracks and 
cedar ant behind the 
stages of a bog-cedar forest succession, but the center of the swale 
is occupied by a meadow with solid turf (fig. 11). The meadow 
has been mowed for years, and was recently ditched for draining, 
but this treatment apparently has not changed the general 
relations. The shrub zone at its southern edge is the usual bog 
shrub stage, followed by a belt of tamaracks of considerable size. 
A mature cedar forest adjoins this on the south, with a fairly dry 
substratum and some of the undergrowth elements of the deciduous 
forest. Next come deciduous swamp trees, and finally the trees of 
the climax forest. Here we have a bog forest left high and relatively 
dry, with a grass meadow formed at its edge. 
