116 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [SEPTEMBER 
ogy of the lichen thallus, reproduction in lichens, and the physiology, bionomics, 
phylogeny, taxonomy, ecology, and economics of lichens. 
he history of lichenology is treated in seven chapters, six of which follow 
KREMPELHUBER in the first volume of his Geschichte und Litteratur der Lichen- 
ologie. The seventh period extends from 1867 to the present time. Very 
~ little space is devoted to the first six periods, as much of the work of these 
was based on a wholly wrong conception of lichens, and the systematic 
eat was largely very poor. In 1867 and the following year DEBARY 
and SCHWENDENER established the sock that what had been considered con- 
stituent parts of lichens were “ee with which the lichens were growing in 
symbiotic relationship, and made modern lichenology possible. For the six 
periods, those especially tunities can refer to KREMPELHUBER’S extended 
treatment; but it would seem that the seventh period, which covers all of 
modern lichenology, might well have received more space. 
Preceding the discussion of morphology proper is a chapter in which the 
algal host cells are treated as constituents of the lichen, under the term 
“‘gonidia,” which designation, according to the belief of many botanists, should 
have been consigned to oblivion long since. The treatment of the relationship 
between the lichen and its algal host contains much information that is valuable, 
but unfortunately it is all based on the supposition that the lichen is a com- 
posite structure, a fungus and many individual algae, and still in some mysteri- 
ous way a plant. It is the belief of a constantly increasing number of American 
botanists that such a confusing presentation should never be placed before 
the student or the botanist. 
In the treatment of types of thalli, structures peculiar to lichens, cells and 
cell products, general nutrition, assimilation and respiration, illumination, 
and color, the chapters on morphology and physiology carry much that is 
valuable. All is colored by a phraseology which is confusing to those who 
believe that lichens are fungi, however, and indeed scarcely comprehensible 
to them, excepting a few of the older ones, who, like the reviewer, were taught 
to believe that the lichen should be considered both a colony and an indi- 
vidual. 
The chapter on reproduction on the whole is SSE and is perhaps the 
most up-to-date and valuable portion of the volum he discussion takes 
form under such topics as types of fruits, aaa of reproductive organs, 
apogamous reproduction, stages of apothecial development, and spores an 
asci. The treatment of forms of reproductive organs in lichens is the first 
adequate presentation to appear in a text. For those of us who believe that 
lichens are fungi which should be treated like other fungi, and that carpologic 
development and structure should play a large part in taxonomic disposition, 
this chapter brings our data together in convenient form so far as lichens are 
concerned. Unfortunately, the discussion of the matter in other Ascomycetes 
is given separately toward the close of the chapter. 
