ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. CXT 



greater volcanic phsenomena began to be exhibited and the ItaHan 

 continent to be formed ; but I shall not at present follow him in the 

 exposition of the various igneous rocks erupted at this period. The 

 upper section of the Eocene formation, though sometimes separated 

 by palpable marks of discordance in stratification from the lower, is 

 far more frequently in complete accordance ^vith the lower section ; 

 so that in consequence of the lithological resemblance, a separation 

 is sometimes attended with extreme difficulty ; but here Signor 

 Cocchi calls to his aid the endence afforded by the erupted rocks ; 

 for, whilst the serpentine with diallage, or ancient serpentine, was evi- 

 dently erupted subsequently to the deposition of the Cretaceous and 

 lower portion of the Eocene deposits, which it traverses and disturbs, 

 it was erupted antecedently to the Upper Eocene deposits, which 

 contain many of its fragments. Amoagst the rocks of eruption is 

 numbered a true granite, the ordinary constituents of which are 

 associated with tourmaline, from which circumstance it has been 

 called tourmaliniferous and also modern granite, having been erupted 

 subsequently to the deposition of the Eocene Macigno, fragments 

 of which it contains imbedded in its substance. The felspar 

 of this granite is sometimes in the form of petalite, and the mica 

 also of a lithine base ; but all the components are crystalline, and it 

 is therefore a well-marked instance of the recent repetition of the 

 granitic form amongst erupted rocks. 



Of the Middle Tertiary beds I shall only mention the following, — 

 the Pietra lenticolare of Parlascio, which consists entirely of one spe- 

 cies of NummuUtes, N. Taryioni^ Meneghini ; the clays and the bitu- 

 minous limestones which contain rich deposits of lignite (the Mytilus 

 Brardi being a fossil of not rare occurrence) ; and the gypseous and 

 salt-bearing clays of Yolterra, which are allotted to this section. A 

 serpentine without diallage was the erupted rock of the epoch, and 

 Signor Cocchi also describes what he calls an hydroplutonic eruption, 

 consisting of " torrents of mud forced up " through cracks or crevices, 

 and carrying with them fragments of the rocks through which they 

 passed. 



In the Upper Tertiaries we enter on the ground so well de- 

 scribed by Brocchi, that Signor Cocchi observes, little can be now 

 added. To this epoch M. Savi assigns the bone-caverns, the species 

 of mammalia which they contain being the same as those found 

 in the celebrated freshwater deposits of the Yal d'Arno, though 

 Signor Cocchi remarks, that the same Elephants, ^lastodons, and 

 Hippopotami must have lived anteriorly to these deposits, as their 

 bones have been found in the yellow marine sands at a lower level. 



The comparison between the deposits of Val d'Arno and Leghorn 

 has been thus given me by Signor Cocchi. 



Upper Val d^ Anio. 

 Freshwater formation with Elephas 



meridionalis. 

 Yellow sand with E. meridionalis. 

 Blue Clay. 



Leghorn. 

 Upper Panchina with human remains. 

 Lower Panchina. 



Yellow sand with Elephas meridionalis. 

 Blue Clay. 



Hence it will be observed that the Elephas meridionalis existed 



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