1856.] SPRATT — FRESHWATER DEPOSITS OF EUB(EA, ETC. 179 



Livonati, and near Skander Aga. They consist of reddish, yellow, 

 grey, and white sandy marls, and brown sands and gravels ; having 

 altogether a thickness of more than 200 feet. (See fig. p. 180.) 



The following is the ascending order of the deposits in the Livo- 

 nati hills : — 



A. 30 feet of reddish-yellow loose sands, with an occasional layer 



of sandstone, in which are Paludina, Neritina, and Melania. 



B. 12 feet of grey and yellow sands and sandstones, with the same 



fossils more numerous, but with the Xanthian and Italian fos- 

 sil, the LimncBa Adelina * ; which I found here in great abun- 

 dance, and in an excellent state of preservation. 



C 3 feet of gravels and white marls, and 2 feet of indurated and 

 laminated marls. No fossils. 



D. 6 inches of a grey sandy marl and ferruginous sandy loam ; in 



w^hich several Planorbes and PaludiiKB are compressed : this 

 passes into 4 ft. 6 in. of greenish sandy marls. 



E. 1 foot of a purple peaty marl, containing two or three species of 



Planorbis. The peat is overlaid by 4 feet of alternating sands 

 and gravels, in the lowest of which the fossils are very nume- 

 rous, particularly Limncea Adelina, a large Cyclas, a large Pahi- 

 dina, and a Dreissena. These shells appear to have been sud- 

 denly swept together during some disturbance, by which ^le 

 shells then living on the weedy bottom of the lake (as shown 

 by the peat below) were swept along and deposited in the turbid 

 waters that scattered the gravels. The latter are composed of 

 fragments of the secondary limestones and schists, and vary 

 from the size of a pea to that of a walnut. 



F. 12 feet of stratified sands and sandstones of a grey colour. These 



pass into an oolitic sandstone, full of impressions of a striated 

 Melania. The sandstone is overlaid by 10 feet of gravels, 

 white marls, and sandstone, without fossils. 



G. 30 feet of sands, sandstones, and marls succeed, in the upper 



series of which Limncea, Helix, and Paludina, and a carinated 

 Planorbis are very abundant. 



H. 100 feet of unfossiliferous sands, marls, and gravels succeed; 

 which are in some of the highest positions capped by 50 to 

 60 feet of reddish loamy earth and gravels. The latter seem to 

 have been deposited during a troubled and highly turbid condi- 

 tion of the waters of the lake ; most probably at its final rup- 

 ture, and on the admission of the sea into the lower parts of 

 this old lake ; for there is evidence of a higher sea-level than 

 the present near the coast to the N.E. of Livonati, where, at 

 about 40 feet above the present shore-line, on the flanks of a 

 low ridge, I found a thin bed of sand containing Cardium and 

 drifted fragments of freshwater shells. 



* Travels in Lycia, vol. i. p. 24, and vol. ii. p. 177. 

 VOL. XIII. PART I. O 



