1857.] FALCONER MASTODON. 311 



Older Miocene formations, such as Eppelsheim, the Faluns of Tou- 

 raine, and the Molasse and lacustrine strata of the Sub-Pyrenees : 

 it has nowhere been met with in Britain. 



{Mastodon and Elephas.^ — Up to the date of the last 4to edition of 

 the *Ossemens Fossiles ' published during the author's life in 1825, 

 the species of Mastodon and Elephas then known were sufficiently 

 well distinguished by the characters indicated by Cuvier*, the 

 founder of the former genus ; namely, that the molar teeth of Mas- 

 todon consisted of a comparatively simple crown, divided into mam- 

 millae or tubercles, arranged in transverse ridges, more or less nume- 

 rous, and more or less prominent, with corresponding empty valleys 

 or hollows between them ; while those of Elephas were more com- 

 plex, consisting of numerous thin transverse plates, having their 

 intervals filled up with cement. The subsequent discovery of the 

 Mastodon elephantoides of Clift, in which Cuvier's characters of both 

 genera are blended, and of European and American forms with tusks 

 in the lower jaw {Mastodon longirostris and Mastodon Ohioticus), 

 led to the necessity of remodelling the technical diagnostic characters 

 of the genera. This was first attempted, so far as I am aware, by 

 Bronn of Heidelberg, in his * Lethaea Geognostica,' as far back as 

 1838. In his elaborate definition of the two genera he states (omit- 

 ting other characters) that Mastodon is characterized by lower incisors, 

 and by molars which are replaced from back to front, excepting, how- 

 ever, the most anterior of these teeth, i. e. one or more milk-molars ; 

 while in Elephant there are no inferior incisors, and all the molars 

 are replaced in a horizontal direction*!*. In his remarks upon the 

 species, he mentions that " Tetracaulodon (i. e. Mastodon longi- 

 rostris), according to Kaup, has premolars in the upper jaw, which 

 are very similar to the back molars of Hippopotamus and are very 

 caducous J," and in regard to inferior tusks, that '' Mastodon gigan- 

 teuSy M. angustidens, and M. longirostris do unquestionably pos- 

 sess such inferior tusks : the other species of Mastodon occur more 

 rarely, and we can therefore only by analogy infer their having pos- 

 sessed them also§." The same characters, i. e. of premolars and 



entertains doubts of there being any other European species than D.giganteum^\ 

 the difference of size between the teeth of D. giganteum and D. Cuvieri is not 

 greater than is known to occur between homologous teeth from different indi- 

 viduals of M. (Tetraloph.) longirostris, dug out of the same deposit at Eppelsheim. 

 The nominal species D. Kcenigii of Kaup is founded on a single small tooth, and 

 therefore doubtful. I have lately seen well-marked specimens of fossil teeth of a 

 species of Dinotherium from Attock in the Punjab, at no great distance from the 

 Sewalik Hills, and, judging from the associated Mammalia, out of beds of the 

 same age with them. The materials are not sufficient to establish whether the 

 species is identical with D. Indicum of Perim Island, or distinct. In dimensions 

 the teeth correspond with medium-sized specimens of D. giganteum. They were 

 discovered by Lieut. Garnett, of the Bengal Engineers, and are now in the 

 possession of Prof. Oldham, Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, 

 who has obhgingly communicated them to me. — July 1857, H. F. 



* Oss. Fossiles, tom. i. p. 205. 



t Bronn, Lethaea Geognostica, Band ii. pp. 1233 & 1239 (1st ed.). 



X Id. loc. cit. p. 1218. § Id. loc. cit. p. 1233. 



^ Akten der Urwelt, p. 49. 



