1857.] FALCONER— MASTODON. 327 



part of the letter-press of the * Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' and fully 

 elucidated in the four plates of outline-heads, from Plate 42 to 45, 

 of Part 5 of the illustrations, where a synopsis is given of all the 

 species, fossil and recent, then known. The forms included under 

 the nominal species of M. angustidens of Cuvier are there ranged 

 as distinct species, namely 



M. (Triloph.) angustidens, 



M. (Triloph.) Andium, 



M. (Tetraloph.) longirostris, 



M. (Tetraloph.) Arvernensis. 

 The only change which subsequent investigation on fresh materials 

 has led us to make, is to transfer 3/. Andium from the subgenus Tvi- 

 lopJiodon into that of Tetralophodon, for reasons which it is not neces- 

 sary to detail on the present occasion. Of these forms the only one 

 which I believe has been met v.ith in the fossil state in England is 

 M. {Tetralophodon) Arvernensis (PI. XII.) ; and I shall now pro- 

 ceed to the consideration of the evidence in support of this conclusion. 

 {British specimens of Mastodon.) — llem.ains of two out of the 

 three species of Mastodon with which we are chiefly concerned now, 

 viz. M. {TrilopJwdon) angustidens, M. {Tetralophodon) longirostris, 

 and M. {Tetralophodon) Arvernensis, have been discovered on the 

 Continent, in the localities where they prevail, in sucii a perfect con- 

 dition, that very little remains to be desired in regard to their entire 

 osteology. The skeleton of M. {Trilophodon) angustidens from 

 Seissan, set up in the gallery of Comparative Anatomy in Paris, is 

 so complete in every respect, from the cranium down to the digital 

 phalanges, that it may be compared bone for bone, throughout the 

 frame, with the skeletons of the African and Indian Elephants which 

 adjoin it. Of J/. {Tetraloph.) Arvernensis, a nearly entire skeleton 

 was disclosed by a railway-excavation at Dasino near Asti in Pied- 

 mont, and is now deposited in the Turin ]Museum. It is deficient 

 only in the cranial portion of the head, right hind leg, part of the 

 scapula and pelvis, and some of the bones of the carpus and tarsus. 

 The upper and lower jaws, with the tusks entire to their tips, are 

 preserved ; and Prof. Sismonda was only deterred by the brittle 

 condition of the bones, from attempting to reconstruct the whole. A 

 skeleton of the same species nearly as jierfect, which I have examined, 

 was discovered in the lower Val d'Arno in a marine stratum, along 

 with the skeleton of a AYhale. It is now laid out in the museum at 

 Florence, together with numerous other bones of the same species. 

 From the Miocene sands of Eppelsheim, Kaup disinterred the upper 

 and lower jaws, with an immense quantity of molars, showing the entire 

 dental series, milk and adult, besides various other portions of the 

 skeleton, of M. {Tetralophodon) longirostris. The materials are 

 therefore so abundant now, that it is in a measure easy to institute 

 a comparison more or less rigorous between the three species. 



But as regards the English remains of Mastodon, it is quite the 

 reverse. Only solitary teeth detached from the jaws, or part of a 

 mutilated young cranium, have hitherto been described, and the 

 teeth in most cases mutilated. The beautiful vignette which heads 



