1857.] FALCONER MASTODON. 329 



in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. 36. figs. 8 and 8«. It is 

 the last true molar (upper jaw, right side), being composed of five 

 ridges, with an anterior "talon," and a strong back "talon." The 

 crown is obscurely divided longitudinally by a shallow cleft along its 

 axis. Each ridge consists of about two pairs of thick, high, conical 

 mammillae, with very thick enamel. Deep clefts or valleys intervene 

 between these ridges ; but the valleys, instead of being transverse, 

 are interrupted in the middle by one or more large accessory conical 

 mammillae, which are interposed betwe-en the ridges, and alternate 

 with the outer and inner divisions. These mammillae are usually 

 connected with the inner division of each ridge in the upper jaw, 

 and with the outer in the lower. They are much thicker than in 

 the other species of Mastodon which possess them, and have a large 

 conical core of ivory. The consequence of this complex composition 

 of the crown is, that, when the ridges have been worn down by 

 continued grinding, they present a great number of distinct alternate 

 trefoil discs, surrounded by a ring or belt of enamel, instead of the 

 single or double transverse disc exhibited by the Mastodon of 

 Eppelsheim, M. {Tetralophodon) longirostris, or by the M. (Trilo- 

 phodon) avgustidens of Simorre. In the Eppelsheim species, of 

 which I have carefully examined all the molars contained in the 

 rich collection at Darmstadt, there is a considerable range of variety 

 as regards the accessory tubercles which flank the main ridges. In 

 some of the last molars, the main ridges are perfectly free from any 

 outlying or flanking mammillae ; they are regularly transverse, and 

 the valleys between are equally transverse, and open throughout. In 

 others, the ridges bear numerous small warty tubercles of enamel, 

 which jut into the valleys and distort them. But the transverse 

 continuity of the valleys is never blocked up by the large conical 

 mastoid mammillae which in the molars ofM. [Tetralophodoii) Arver- 

 nensis invariably alternate with the main ridges, and reduce the 

 valleys to disconnected gorges, occupying the outer and inner sides 

 of the crown. The accessory tubercles in the Eppelsheim species 

 are so unimportant, that their only effect, after advanced wear, is 

 to expand the diameter of the disc, or communicate to it some- 

 thing of a trefoil pattern. The discs are always transverse, while 

 in the English Crag Mastodon they are invariably more or less 

 alternate. In illustration of this very obvious differential character 

 in M. (Tetralophodon) longirostris, the beautiful series of figures 

 given by Kaup in the ' Ossements Fossiles de Darmstadt,' from 

 plates 1 6 to 21 inclusive, may be quoted ; but I would more espe- 

 cially refer to figs. 4 and 5 of pi. 16, figs. 1, 3, 4, and 9 of pi. 18, 

 and figs. 2, 6, and 7 of pi. 21. 



We have endeavoured to exhibit these differences in a well-marked 

 and obvious manner, by contrasted figures (drawn with the greatest 

 care and fidelity by Mr. George Ford) of the same tooth in three 

 species, placed side by side, in pi. 36 of the * Fauna Antiqua Siva- 

 lensis.' Figs. 6 and 6 a represent in plan and profile the last molar 

 (upper jaw, left side) of M. {Tetralophodon) Sivalensis, an Indian 

 fossil species, which is the most nearly allied to the English Crag 



