1857.] FALCONER MASTODON. 333 



species. Moreover, the mammillae are more elevated, their conical 

 isolation more defined, and the enamel-layer thicker than in M. (Te- 

 traloph.) longirostris. There is a peculiar wavy and finely grooved 

 rugosity of surface, which is seen on the enamel near the base of the 

 crown and "bourrelet" where it exists in the molars of the Crag 

 Mastodon (see PL XI. fig. 4) and of the nearly allied Indian species 

 M. (Tetralophodon) Sivalensis. It may be compared to the appear- 

 ance yielded by a bound book when the edges of the leaves slightly 

 overlap, and they are bent in a flexuous curve. This peculiar ru- 

 gosity is not nearly so conspicuous in the Eppelsheim species, nor 

 in the M. (Tinlophodon) angustidens of Simorre. 



The finest English specimen of one of the " intermediate molars " 

 of the Crag Mastodon that has come under my observation is a 

 germ of the penultimate true molar (upper jaw, right side), lately 

 discovered by the Rev. Mr. Marsden in the bed of coprolitic or phos- 

 phatic nodules in the parish of Ramsey in Essex, about three miles 

 west of Harwich, and kindly lent to us for description. It is represented 

 (one-third of the natural size) by figs. 1 & 2, PI. XII. of the accom- 

 panying illustrations. It consists of the shell of the crown quite 

 entire, the nucleus of the ivory core not having become fully calcified, 

 nor any of the fangs developed. The crown presents four intact ridges, 

 with a front and a back talon. The mammillae of the outer and 

 inner lines are very high, and converge as they ascend, so that the 

 apex of the crown is much narrower than the base. Two large out- 

 lying mammillae are interposed between the first and second ridges ; 

 one between the second and third, and one between the third and 

 fourth. A large tubercle, flanking the inner division of the first 

 ridge, forms the commencement of the anterior talon. The poste- 

 rior talon consists of a line of about six low tubercles. The inter- 

 mediate flanking mammillae, as is usual in the species, interrupt the 

 transverse continuity of the valleys, which are reduced to an outer 

 and inner gorge. It is manifest that, if the crown were ground down 

 by wear, the disposition of the tubercles is such that a series of 

 trefoil discs, more or less alternate, would be the result. The di- 

 mensions of this specimen are — length 4*9 inches, width of crown in 

 front 2*6 inches, width at the last ridge 2-9 inches. 



Premolars. — That vertically successional teeth replace one or more 

 of the milk-molars in M. (Tetraloph.) Arvernensis,\\di?> been proved 

 by the original specimens from Auvergne, upon which the species 

 was founded by Croizet and Jobert. Fig. 7 of pi. 1 1 of their work * 

 exhibits an upper jaw of a very young animal, containing the ante- 

 penultimate and penultimate milk-molars in situ, the former consist- 

 ing of two pairs of points, disposed in two ridges, the latter showing 

 three ridges. Behind the second tooth there is introduced, in the 

 figure above referred to, a germ-fragment consisting of two ridges 

 (marked A), as if of the third milk-molar ; but Abbe Croizet states, 

 in the descriptive details, that the fragment was found detached, and 

 that for various reasons, which are detailed, he considers it to be in- 

 correctly placed in the figure. In the original specimen, which I 

 * Oss. Fossiles du Depart, du Puy-de-D6me, pp. 134, 135. 



