1857.] FALCONER MASTODON. 343 



the general character of the skeleton in each may be attained by a 

 reference to two well-known standards of comparison, namely, the 

 existing Indian Elephant and the Mastodon of North America, M. 

 {Trilophodon) Ohioticus. Cuvier found that the latter differed 

 from the Elephant in having a more elongated carcass sustained upon 

 shorter, thicker, and more robust legs *. The Crag M. (^Tetralo- 

 phodon) Arvernensis appears to have had a heavy carcass, with legs 

 still shorter in proportion, approaching more the character of the 

 Hippopotamus, and to have been without lower tusks. The Eppel- 

 sheim Miocene species, M. {Tetralophodon) longirostris, would ap- 

 pear to have resembled the Crag species in its general proportions ; 

 but the necessary detailed comparison has not yet been sufficiently 

 carried out ; it is distinguished at once by the possession of inferior 

 tusks. On the other hand, the Miocene M. {Trilophodon) angus- 

 tidens differed remarkably from both, in presenting a comparatively 

 slender build throughout ; so that it stood higher in proportion, and 

 with longer limbs, than either the Indian or African Elephants. 

 This is well exhibited by the mounted skeleton in the Paris Museum. 



Geological age of the Mastodons (31. angiistidens, M. longirostris, 

 and M. Ai-vernensis) . — I shall now consider the geological age and 

 associated faunas of the formations in which these species severally 

 occur. 



M. (Trilophodon^ angustidens is a characteristic species of the 

 Miocene Falunian beds throughout Europe. It has been met with 

 in immense abundance in the lacustrine deposits of Gascony and 

 Langaedoc ; in the Faluns of Touraine and the Orleannais ; in the 

 Miocene Molasse of Switzerland, more especially in the lignites of 

 Ellg, Koepfnach and Buchberg, and in the sandstone in the neigh- 

 bourhood of Winterthur ; in the Georgensgmiind Miocene in Ger- 

 many ; and in the lignite of Gandino in the Val Seriana of Lombardy. 

 The mammalian genera and species with which it was associated 

 are very constant, although, for obvious reasons, they have not been 

 found equally or uniformly distributed all over the area. In the 

 French Falunian deposits there occur M. (Trilophodon) tapiroideSj 

 a species first conjecturally named by Cuvier, but subsequently made 

 out well by MM. Pomel, Lartet, and other French palaeontologists, 

 Binotherium giganteum, or the smaller variety, as I consider it, called 

 D. Ciivieri, Chalicotherium Goldfussi, Anchitherium Aurelianensey 

 Aceratherium incisivum (Rhinoceros tetradactylus, Lartet), Acera- 

 therium Goldfussi (Rhinoc. hrachijpus, Lartet), Rhinoceros Sansani- 

 ensisy Lophiochoerus Blainvilliif Macrotherium giganteum^ Dicrocerus 

 and Dorcatheriumy &c., besides various Carnivorous forms, large and 

 small, with remains of Chelonian genera, together with scanty indica- 

 tions of Crocodile f- 



In the Upper freshwater Molasse of Switzerland M. (Trilophodon) 

 angustidens occurs along with M. (Triloph.) tapiroides (which has 

 been named Mastodon Turicensis, as a distinct species, by Schinz 



* Oss. Foss. 4to edit. torn. i. p. 249. 



t Lartet, Notice sur la Colline de SaBSiu. 



