IS57.] FALCONER MASTODON. 345 



the Crag Mastodon occurs. M. (Tetraloph.) Arvernensis, as here 

 defined, had a wide range of habitat in Europe, embracing Italy, 

 France, and England. The principal localities in which it has been 

 found are — in Italy, the Val d'Arno (in great abundance), associated 

 with the Elephant called F. meridionalis by Nesti {Loxod. 7neridio- 

 nalis), Rhinoceros leptorhinus. Hippopotamus major, with species of 

 Tapirus, Sus, Fquus, Ursus, Hycena, Felis, Machairodus, &c.* ; in 

 the marine " Panchina inferiore," of the Lower Val d'Arno, an 

 entire Mastodon skeleton was found along with those of extinct 

 Whales ; in Piedmont and Lombardy, in various localities in the 

 Subapennine strata along the Valley of the Po, but more especially 

 in the Astesan, Romagnano, and Duchy of Piacenza, along with the 

 M. {Triloph.) Borsoni (M. Biifonis of Pomel), a well-marked ter- 

 nary-ridged species, first brought to notice by Abbe Borson, and the 

 extinct Elephants E. (Loxod.) meridionalis, E. {Loxod.) priscus, 

 and E. (Eiielephas) antiquus, and Rhinoc. leptorhinus. Hippopota- 

 mus major, &c. which occur in some places in fluviatile deposits 

 along with species of Helix, Paludina, and Clausilia, and in others 

 in marine deposits along with sea-shells ; in France, in various parts 

 of the southern Departments, in Pliocene strata, such as the marine 

 sands of Montpellier and its vicinity, the valley of the Rhone near 

 Lyons and Trevaux, the Vivarais, Velay, Auvergne, &c. 



Great diversity of opinion holds among the French palaeontologists 

 as to the association of the mammalian species among which M. 

 {Tetraloph.) Arvernensis occurs in French deposits. I shall refer 

 briefly, on the present occasion, to the disputed cases at Montpellier 

 or its vicinit}-, and in Auvergne. De Christolf has described the 

 marine sands^ of ^Montpellier and the gravel-beds of the contiguous 

 basin of Pezenas as of the same age. From the latter he procured 

 remains of Elephant which he ascribed to the Eleph. meridionalis of 

 Nesti, Hippopotamus major, two species of Equus, one of Bos, and two 

 of Cervus. Gervais, on the other hand, insists that the gravels of 

 Pezenas are of the age of the Diluvian fauna (Pleistocene), the sands 

 of Montpelher being PHocene. To the former :]: he attributes Elephas 

 primigenius. Hippopotamus major, two species oi Equus, Bos priscus, 

 and Cervus martialis ; and Uo the latter § Mastodon brevirostre 

 {Tetraloph. Arvernensis), Rhinoceros megarhinus, Tapirus minor ^ 

 with species of 8us, Cervus, Ursus, Machairodus, Halitherium, Ho- 

 plocetus, &c. M. Gervais does not admit Elephant-remains in the 

 Pliocene fauna of Montpellier; but there are two circumstances 

 which diminish the authority of this opinion upon the subject, — the 

 first being, that he refers all the fossil elephants found in the south 

 of France to the mammoth, E. primigenius, of the Diluvian fauna, of 

 which he considers E. meridionalis to be a variety ; the second, that 

 he does not admit that any species of fossil Elephant have been 

 discovered anywhere in Pliocene strata in Europe. He considers that 



* Savi e Meneghini sulla Geolog. Stratigraph. della Tuscana, p. 508. 

 t Annales des Scien. Natur. 2 ser. torn. iv. p. 193. 

 J Paleontol. Fran?, torn. ii. descript. pi. 21. 

 § Op. cit. torn. ii. descript. pi. 30. 



