348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [April 8, 



Professor Owen, in the conspectus of genera and species contained 

 in the introduction to his 'British Fossil Mammaha,' enumerates 

 in the list of the fossils of the Phocene Fluvio-marine Crag the 

 following genera and species, viz. Mastodon angustidens, Elephas 

 primigenius, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Equus fossilis, Cerviis elaphus, 

 Arvicola, and Lutra. But, influenced probably by the opinion at 

 which he had arrived, that the Crag Mastodon was identical with the 

 M. angustidens of Cuvier and M. longirostris of Kaup, he adds, in a 

 note, that all the other species, except Mastodon, were probably 

 derived from the overlying blue clay*. The contemporaneous asso- 

 ciation of these species is unquestionably in the highest degree impro- 

 bable, as it would include a Miocene Mastodon, along with a Post- 

 pliocene Elephant and Rhinoceros, and the existing Red Deer, in the 

 same fauna. But it admits of no doubt that species of the genera 

 above enumerated have been found in the Fluvio-marine Crag, and 

 it is of importance to ascertain what these species really are. I 

 carefully examined the Elephant-molars from the Crag, blue clay, or 

 submerged forest-bed, contained in the different collections at Nor- 

 wich, and arrived at the conclusion that none of them belonged to 

 E. primigenius, the Mammoth of Siberia, properly so called ; but 

 to two distinct species, the one, E. {Loxodon) meridionalis, which 

 occurs in vast abundance in the Val d'Arno ; and the other, E. {Eu- 

 elephas) antiquus, which is found in the plains of the Astesan, in 

 Piedmont, in various other parts of Europe, and in the so-called 

 "Newer Phocene" freshwater deposits and caves of England. The 

 evidence upon which these species are founded will be considered in 

 the sequel. The occurrence of the Siberian Rhinoceros tichorhinus 

 (Rhin. antiquitatis of Blumenbach) in the Crag would seem exceed- 

 ingly improbable ; for, elsewhere, it has invariably been met with in 

 company with the Mammoth, in the northern fauna of the Glacial 

 Drift period, and nowhere as yet, upon undoubted evidence, in Pho- 

 cene formations. Professor Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamm. p. 381) states, 

 that " Mr. Fitch of Norwich possesses specimens of upper and lower 

 molar teeth of the Rh. leptorhinus from the freshwater (hgnite) 

 beds on the Norfolk coast near Cromer, which demonstrate the oc- 

 currence of this species in the same deposit with the Rh. tichorhinus'' 

 The contemporaneous association of the two species in these beds 

 would seem as improbable as the occurrence of Rh. tichorhinus in the 

 Crag, and the explanation may be sought for in an adventitious mixing 

 of the specimens f. The evidence adduced in support of the existing 

 common Otter {Lutra mdgarisX) and Red Deer {Cervus elaphus) 

 having also been found in the same deposit, would require to be very 



* Op. cii. p. xlvi. 



t Mr. Charlesworth, in remarking that the bones of Elephants and other qua- 

 drupeds are more frequently associated with the shells of the Crag in Norfolk, adds 

 that, " in that county the formation in many places exhibits such irregularities, 

 and is sometimes so mingled with immense accumulations of sand and gravel, 

 that it becomes almost impossible to distinguish the specific crag-deposit from 

 the accompanying diluvial strata."— Phil.^ Mag. 3rd ser. vol, vii. p. 89. 



J Owen, Bnt. Foss. Mamm. p. 121. 



