1857.] FALCONER — MASTODON. 349 



conclusive before the facts alleged could be received as well-established. 

 For no fewer than eight species of Cervus, belonging to the sub- 

 genera Rusa and Stro7igyloceros, with round antlers, have been 

 described by the French palaeontologists as occurring in the Velay 

 and Auvergne, besides eleven other species in Pliocene or Post-pliocene 

 strata*. Several species with round-an tiered horns have also been 

 obtained from the Val d'Arno, which would seem to be identical with 

 Auvergne forms (making liberal allowance for doubles emplois in the 

 specific names), and it is much more probable, from the agreement 

 in the other associated mammals, that the Crag species belonged to 

 one of these than to the existing Cervus elap1ms'\. Hippopotamus 

 major and Rhinoceros leptoi'hinus, if not hitherto obtained from the 

 Fluvio-marine Crag, occur in abundance either in the blue clay or in 

 the ancient forest or lignite-bed, which immediately overlies the Crag 

 in the sections along the Norfolk coast ; and evidence will be adduced 

 in the sequel, that these beds are of the same PUocene age, in so far 

 as is shown by the paramount proof of identity of mammahan fauna. 

 Taking together the ascertained fossil Mammalia of these two beds, 

 they agree very closely with the Pliocene fauna of the Subapennines, 

 viz. M. (Tetralophodon) Arvernensis, E. (Loxodon) meridionalisy E. 

 {Euelephas) antiquus, Rhinoceros leptorhiniis^ Hippopotamus major, 

 large Bo\T[d8e, and large Deer with round-antlered horns. Among 

 the Proboscidean forms the principal exception is the absence of the 

 Mastodon here called M. {Trilophodon) Borsoni from the Crag and 

 blue clay. This species, which occurs both in the Astesan and in 

 Auvergne and other parts of France, is so nearly allied to the Mas- 

 todon of North America, that the first discovered European specimens 

 were regarded by Cuvier % as belonging to that species ; but its spe- 

 cific distinctness has been clearly established by the French palaeonto- 

 logists, and its occurrence in the Crag or overlying beds may yet be 

 expected, if it has not been heretofore overlooked by collectors. The 

 species would seem to be exceedingly rare in Italy, since tooth- 

 specimens referable to it are either unique or nearly so in the public 

 collections there. 



Next, as regards the '*Red Crag" of Suffolk. Mammalian re- 

 mains were formerly so rare in the " Red Crag," that their abun- 



* Pomel, Catal. Method, et Descript. p. 103. 



t Gervais has expressed doubts respecting the veritable association of these 

 living with extinct x rms : — 



" II est egalement a supposer, que les nouvelles recherches des geologues 

 d'Angleterre deraontreront aux paleontologistes de ce pays que certains animaux 

 reconnus par M. Owen comme etant d'especes actuelles n'ont pas appartenu, comma 

 ils le supposent, a Tepoque pliocene. Tels sont le Cerf, la Loutre, et le Sanglier 

 ordinaires. Le Rhinoceros tichorhinus, que nous considerons comme characteris- 

 tique du pleistocene, nous parait aussi devoir etre raye de la liste des animaux 

 pliocenes. On pourrait supposer qu'il s'est glisse quelque erreur dans la determi- 

 nation des pieces osseuses regardees comme telles, raais cette determination est 

 garantie par la citation que M. Owen fait de cette espece dans sa liste chronolo- 

 gique des Mamraiferes fossiles en Angleterre, et il est plus probable que c'est sur 

 I'age du terrain lui-meme que Ton s'est trompe." — Gervais, Paleontol. Fran9aise, 

 torn. i. p. 180. 



X Oss. Foss. 4th edit. torn. iii. p. 375. 



