350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [April 8, 



dance in the Norwich Crag was seized upon by Mr. Charlesworth, as 

 furnishing a significant designation for the latter under the name of 

 " Mammaliferous Crag." But latterly, the excavations for phosphatic 

 nodules have led to the discovery of these remains in abundance. 

 Among others, molars of M. {Tetralophodon) Arvernensis have been 

 obtained in very considerable numbers. By the liberal kindness of 

 Professor Henslow, I have been enabled to examine at leisure those 

 which ai-e contained in the Ipswich ^luseum, presented to that in- 

 stitution by Mr. George Ransome. They were found in the Red Crag 

 pits. Some of these remains are now on the table before the Society. 

 One, a very characteristic specimen, consists of the greater part of the 

 last true molar, upper jaw, left side. It presents all the distinctive 

 marks of M. {Tetralophodon) Ai'vernensis, namely, the discs of 

 the worn tubercles decidedly alternate, and the valleys blocked up 

 by large outlying tubercles. These "Red Crag" molars differ in no 

 respect specifically from those found in the Fluvio-miarine Crag. 

 They are highly impregnated with ferruginous infiltration, and present 

 a vitreous polish, very much like that of the Mastodon-molars from 

 Perim Island on the western coast of India. They are mutilated by 

 fracture, but do not present the appearance of having been rolled. 

 The fractured edges of the enamel are sharp ; and the only indications 

 of abrasion which the teeth present are the natural results of wear, 

 from long service as grinders. This is a point of some importance, 

 as indicative that they were not washed into the Red Crag out of 

 some older Miocene deposit. 



jMr. Charlesworth, in his memoir on the *' Crag of Suffolk," &c., 

 after enumerating the genera of fossil fish that prevailed in the ocean 

 of the Red Crag, adds — •" It is here also that we first meet with the 

 higher orders of the animal kingdom. The teeth of the Mastodon, 

 Elephant, Hippopotamus, and other Mammalia are deposited with 

 the MoUusca of this period, and in addition to them I may mention 

 the bones of Birds, which I have recently obtained from several 

 localities '''." 



Professor Owen has on three occasions described the fossil mam- 

 malia of the Red Crag : first, in 1840t ; next, in his ' British Fossil 

 Mammalia' in 184G ; and latterly, as a Supplement, in No. 47 of 

 the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society |. In neither has 

 he included tw^o of the genera cited by Mr. Charlesworth, viz. Ele~ 

 phas and Hippopotamus, both being of great significance as dia- 

 gnostic of the age of European tertiary strata. No specimen of a tooth 

 of Hippopotamus from a Red Crag locality, so far as I am aware, 

 has hitherto been figured or described ; and the occurrence of this 

 genus in the deposit cannot at present be regarded as an established 

 fact ; but several molars of fossil Elephas, presenting the character- 

 istic mineral condition of the mammalian remains of the Red Crag, 

 have long been deposited in public and private collections, bearing 

 labels as being from Red Crag localities in Suffolk. One specimen, 



* Phil. Mag. 3rd ser. vol. viii. p. 535. 



t Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist, vol, iv. p. 186. 



I Oj). ciL 1856, vol. xii. p. 217. 



