TITLES AND ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS 153 



UNICLINE: ± TERM PliOPOSED FOR MOXOCLIXAL RIDGES OF EROSION 

 BY AMADEUS W. GRABAU 



(Abstract) 



The term monocline is used at present in two ways : The geologist under- 

 stands by monocline a simple structural fold. This is the original and proper 

 use of the term. The physiographer has used the term for the ridges produced 

 by erosion of anticlines — that is, for "monoclinal ridges of erosion," including 

 hog-backs. For this type of ridge, a part of an anticline, the term unicline 

 is proposed. 



Discussed by Dr. F. F. Hintze and Prof. W. M. Davis. 



The second section was called to order at 2.20 o'clock l)y A, P. Coleman^ 

 acting as chairman. The following program was offered: 



USE OF GEOLOGY ON THE WESTERN FRONT 

 BY ALFRED H. BROOKS 



(Abstract) 



The application of geology to military problems first developed during the 

 World War. The British were the first to make use of geology in determiiv- 

 ing the water supply for army use, while the Germans appear to have been 

 the first to recognize the need of geologic knowledge in military mining. Dur- 

 ing 1916 geologic staffs were organized in both the British and German armies. 

 That of the British Expeditionary Force included four geologists, but their 

 work was supplemented by that of a large number of officers of the mining 

 troops who were more or less trained in geology. It is not yet definitely 

 known how many geologists were employed professionally in the German army, 

 but there were probably over a hundred. There were no geologic officers in 

 the French army, but some of the French engineers, notably those in the water- 

 supply service, made use of geology. In September, 1918, a geologist was at- 

 tached to the staff of the chief engineer of the Belgian army. No information 

 is at hand regarding the use made of geology by the Italian or Austrian armies. 



In September, 1917, a geologic section was established as a part of the staff 

 of the chief engineer of the American Expeditionary Force. At the close of 

 hostilities there were eight geologic officers with the American army and 

 authorization had been granted for eight more. 



The principal applications of geology to military iirohleiiis as developed dur- 

 ing the war are as follows: 



1. Fielfl fortifications (trenches, dugouts, and mines). — Depth and perme- 

 ability of soil and subsoil: itbysicMl cfiaracter of bedrock; depth of ground 

 water. 



2. Maneuvcniifi of infantnj, artillery, and tanks. — Physical character of soil 

 and subsoil during wet and dry seasons and after heav}' shelling ; character 

 of streams with reference to fords and bridges ; descriptions of topography and 

 ma I) interpretation. 



