1862.] HODGSON TJLVEKSTON. 23 



rather more than a quarter of a mile south-west from that water, 

 at a depth of about 84 feet from the surface, in strong (t Pinel," 

 but close to rock ; the pinel of the roof is mixed with large stones. 

 The cavern is about 9 feet in height, circular, and about 15 feet 

 in diameter. Iron-ore, apparently of some depth, is found upon 

 the floor. There is a small quantity of top-water in this cavern, 

 which drains off into the adjacent mine at the rate of about half-a- 

 bucket a day, and the pinel of the roof is loosening and falling. 

 A fissure in the limestone, 16 inches wide, occurs about forty 

 yards south of the Tarn, at a depth of 8 feet below the surface, 

 dipping to the east. 



It may also be mentioned here, as corroborative of the opinion 

 given by Mr. Close, that, in a shaft sunk by my brother near to 

 Stainton, the miners, at the depth of 90 feet, met with a narrow 

 cavity in the pinel, about 18 inches wide ; and, on following it 

 down, they found, as the cause, a rock-fissure directly under it, and 

 corresponding to it in width; clearly showing that the pinel had 

 fallen down the chasm, while the roof remained firm. 



Eeferring back to the cavernous field above Lindale Tarn (at p. 22), 

 further indications of fissured rock have lately been noticed there. 

 Another depression, in a line with that of the cavern, may be seen 

 when viewed from the road below ; and, again, the cutting of 

 a tramway in a parallel line behind this has disclosed what seems 

 to be a narrow rock-fissure, about 18 inches or 2 feet wide. 



Swallow-holes. — I will now refer to what are locally called Water- 

 sinks or Swallow-holes. In a later work on Furness, by the Be v. 

 Francis Evans, ' Sinks,' in which the water disappears, are noticed as 

 occurring here, " as in all limestone districts that abound with iron- 

 ore*." I was led to understand these more fully by reading some 

 remarks on the subject by Sir Charles Lyell in his ' Principles of 

 Geology 'f. 



Their position in the Lindale district was first shown to me by 

 Mr. Bolton, who pointed them out on the Ordnance-map, a short time 

 previous to the writing of his paper. I at once attached great im- 

 portance to these Swallow-holes, and, concluding that they might be 

 found to have connexion with the deposit, I have since endeavoured 

 to ascertain their accurate situation, antiquity, and nature. 



a. Lindale Moor. — I will first notice those on Lindale Moor. 

 They are situated about a quarter of a mile from the Lindale-moor 

 Cavern, and a little more to the north. 



By the help of an aged miner I have succeeded in noting down 

 the true natural Swallow-holes, — not as they might appear in 1850, 

 the date of the Ordnance-map, but as they existed fifty years ago. 

 A copy of this has been transferred to fig. 1. Some which appear 

 on the Ordnance-map are omitted, on account of their being only 

 " open-top workings," as they are called, not natural Swallow- 

 holes. 



* Furness and Furness Abbev : or, A Companion through the Lancashire part 

 of the Lake District. By Francis Evans, 1842, p. 1 9. 



t Principles of Geology, vol. iii. fifth edition, ch. xiv. j>. 204. 



