1863.] dawkixs — hy.ena-den near wells. 271 



The tooth-marks upon the remains of the Carnivores prove that 

 they were preyed upon by the Hyaenas. 



2. Perissodactyla. — Of the Perissodactyle Herbivores, the solidun- 

 gulate division is represented by Equus fossilis, of which four jaws 

 and 362 teeth were found, while the multungulate division contains 

 Rhinoceros tichorJiinus and R. hemitoechus. Seven jaws and 190 

 teeth belong to the former of these. The molars present points of 

 great interest. One series of M.3 shows the inconstant size and 

 form of the posterior column (Collis tertius of Brandt), which, rudi- 

 mentary in some, passes gradually to the summit of the crown in 

 others, and finally, in an abnormal specimen, circumscribes a second 

 deep cavity on its posterior aspect. One of the M.2 is also abnor- 

 mal. In it the entrance of the principal valley is closed up, leaving 

 the valley so characteristic of Rhinoceros as an insulated cavity in 

 the middle of the tooth. The upper milk-molars are remarkable for 

 a cusp at the wide entrance of the valley, quoted by Professor Owen 

 as one of the characteristics of R. leptorhinus. The lower jaws prove 

 that in no stage of the dentition was the first premolar developed. 

 The jaws from Lawford and Thame, figured and described by Pro- 

 fessor Owen (Brit. Poss. Mamm.) as containing the premolar dentition, 

 are really young jaws with the deciduous dentition. The first milk- 

 molar in the Lawford specimen is mistaken for the first premolar, 

 which, as yet, has not been proved to exist*. Of R. hemitoechus but 

 one fragment of a left upper milk-molar was found, for the identifi- 

 cation of which I am indebted to Dr. Palconer. 



3. Artiodactyla. — The Artiodactyle division of Herbivores is largely 

 represented. Sixteen teeth attest the presence of Bos jori mi genius, 

 while one upper molar, smaller in every dimension than the rest, 

 may possibly belong to a second species of the Bovidce. 



Twenty-three teeth and twelve jaws are preserved of Megaceros 

 hibernicus. One specimen of a right lower ramus shows, besides 

 the perfect molar series, a curious freak of nature. P.M. 2, instead 

 of being in its natural position, has come up hind foremost, the ante- 

 rior part occupying the place of the posterior, the inner side that of 

 the outer. The fragments of the upper jaw containing M. 1, 2, 3 were 

 found dissociated in the passage D. 



Cervus Gruettardi, C. tarandus, and C. BucMandi are represented 

 by antlers, some of which have been torn violently from the skull, 

 and not shed by necrosis, as are all those found at Kirkdale. The 

 fact that in the Williams Collection, at Taunton, there is a skull of 

 Cervus tarandus, bearing on the left side an antler t of C. QueUardi, 



* Pallas, indeed, and Fischer doubt the existence of the first premolar. 



Brandt comes to the conclusion that it is absent from the adult. On the other 



hand, Cuvier, without ever having seen it, states that it exists, on the authority of 



Adrian Casper ; and Blamville (Osteographie, p. 107) ascribes four premolars 



to R. tichorMnus. 



t Comparative measurements : — ^. , , . , T A ., 



Right side. Left side. 



Burr to bez-antler ....... 6 4'" .... 0'" 



Burr to brow-antler 5'" .... 2 0"' 



Circumference above burr ....32 ....28 



Circumference of brow-antler at base .18 .... 1 8 



