158 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



spoil banks is used for grinding and it is to be had in practically 

 unlimited supply. Lately, the material is being utilized for making 

 prepared roofing as well as for pigment. The red color comes from 

 hematite in finely divided condition and as coating of the quartz 

 and silicates which make up the body of the slate. The slate is 

 hard and contains very little water. Shales that are intermediate 

 between slate and clays in hardness occur in the Silurian and 

 Devonian beds. At Roxbury, Delaware county, an occurrence of 

 red shale in the Catskill series has supplied material for paint. 

 Another source is the red Vernon shales which have been worked 

 in Herkimer county. In the Chemung formations of Cattaraugus 

 county occur red, brown and bluish shales that have been worked 

 in the vicinity of Randolph. 



Ocher, a limonitic clay, is formed by the surface weathering of 

 iron-bearing rocks of various kinds, chiefly limestones. It is not 

 plentiful in New York owing to the fact that the residual materials 

 of rock decay have been mostly swept away by the Pleistocene 

 ice-sheet. An occurrence on Crane mountain, Warren county, 

 represents one of the few deposits of residual clays that escaped 

 erosion by its protected position in a deep notch. It was worked 

 years ago, but little is known as to the operations, and the pits are 

 now inaccessible. 



Ocherous clay occurs as a cover to some of the limonite deposits 

 of Dutchess and Coliunbia counties; its quality for paint purposes 

 has not been investigated so far as can be learned. 



Sienna is a variety of ocher that contains manganese oxide in 

 addition to limonite and has a brown color, darker than ordinary 

 ocher, but lighter than umber. The only recorded occurrence of it 

 is near Whitehall, which was worked for a short time 10 years or 

 more ago. The deposit consisted of a seam in the surface clays 

 and was said to have been exhausted. 



MINERAL WATERS 



The production of mineral and potable spring waters for public 

 sale constitutes an important branch of the mineral industry of 

 the State, though perhaps seldom considered in that light. Not 

 only is a large revenue derived from the bottling and shipment of 

 such waters, but some of the spring localities by virtue of their 

 waters have become favorite resorts for tourists and health seekers 

 and thus become indirect sources of income of large importance. 

 Saratoga Springs, Ballston Springs, Richfield Springs, Sharon Springs 

 and Lebanon Springs are among the nimiber that will be first called 



