THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI2 ne 
until this spring. The mill has a capacity of 700 barrels a day. 
The materials used are limestone from the large quarries of the 
Solvay Process Co., nearby, and local clays. 
(CILVANG 
The clay deposits in the State are not noteworthy for their 
variety of character or industrial adaptability, and in fact are 
mainly restricted to the common sorts useful for ordinary building 
brick and materials of that class. They are widely distributed, 
however, so that practically every center of population is or may 
be supplied with clay structural materials from nearby yards. 
This branch of the industry is consequently of the greatest im- 
portance, the continued rapid expanse of population in the larger 
cities furnishing a market that is scarcely rivaled by that of any 
other state. 
The clays that are utilized in brick manufacture are, with few 
exceptions, modified glacial deposits. Residual clays are practic- 
ally absent. They have been transported from the Adirondacks 
and other regions of accumulation, or produced by the abrading 
action of the ice upon shales, and deposited in the streams and 
lakes that existed along the margin of the ice sheet. The most 
extensive beds occur in the Hudson and Champlain valleys which 
in late Glacial time were occupied by lakes which reached high above 
the present water levels. In the Hudson valley they are inter- 
stratified with sands and gravels, and build terraces on either side 
which le at different elevations up to 300 feet or more. The 
workable clays often attain a thickness of 50 feet and in some 
places they exceed 100 feet. - The clays have a bluish color, but 
are weathered to brown or yellow for some distance from the 
surface. They contain relatively high percentages of iron, lime and 
other fluxing ingredients and consequently fuse at a relatively low 
temperature. The color of the burned clay is generally red. 
Glacial clays, more or less modified by water sorting, are also 
abundant in the interior and western parts, specially in the larger 
stream valleys. Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo have rather ex- 
tensive brick manufacturing industries which supply the local 
markets. Clay suitable for stoneware is found near Syracuse. 
In addition to common brick, which is the principal article pro- 
duced from these clays, the list of manufactures includes drain 
tile, hollow blocks, fireproofing and earthenware. 
