The Personal Pronouns. 3 



guised by phonetic change or contraction, and by the 

 addition of demonstratives or emphatic particles usually 

 prefixed but sometimes also suffixed. Often, too, the 

 plural is found in use for the singular, and in many 

 dialects the singular of the second person as simple Thou is 

 never used, but only the plural You. 



6. Theie are two plural endings by which these pronouns 

 become We, You, and They, m and u, thus — 



I ku (Malay) We kvim (Eromanga) 



Thou ha You ham (A pi) 



Malay We hami, You hamii 

 Fate We agam, You humu 



The third person originally was He i, They im, but irni as 

 actually found in use has usually dropped the i, and has 

 some emphatic suffix to the m — Ambry m inu, They. In 

 Maori it is found in the plural interrogative wai ma ? Who- 

 they ? (wa-i, singular, Who-he ? and wa-ima, plural, Who- 

 they ?) So Fate se ? (for se-i) sing., and semai ? and 

 semani ? plural, in which final i and ni are emphatic. 



7. It is rare, however, to find this pronoun iru. Oceanic 

 used for They. There is instead almost universal a word 

 (properly These, or Those), which we find in Aneiteum as 

 ara, Tanna as iraha, ilia, and ila, Eromanga as irora, lei, 

 and yoril, in Maori- Hawaiian as la and ra, in Malagasy in 

 izareo, and in Tagala in sila {sia He, sila They) : Fate, nara. 

 These are all odc and the same, the I and the r being mere 

 phonetic variations of each other. 



8. The Fatese uses the plural ending m with the separate 

 pronouns, § 6, and the plural ending u with the verbal 

 pronouns, thus — 



I a (for ahu or hu) We au 

 Thou (ha, Api) You hu 



He i or e They iu or eu 



Fatese hu, You, is used also for Thou. These are the only 

 two numeral inflections of the plural of the Oceanic pronouns. 

 The m inflection has been completely lost in the Ankova 

 dialect of Malagasy, where the u also has become y (or short 

 u) for the most part. There can, I think, be little question 

 that the u is a mere phonetic variation of the m. 



9. The Inclusive. 



This is a combination of the pronouns of the first and 

 second persons. Thus Malay and Tagala hita, Fate ahit, 



b2 



